Recent developments in selective catalytic conversion of lignin into aromatics and their derivatives
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Recent developments in selective catalytic conversion of lignin into aromatics and their derivatives Putla Sudarsanam 1
&
Tuerxun Duolikun 2,3 & P. Suresh Babu 4 & Lalthazuala Rokhum 5 & Mohd Rafie Johan 3
Received: 24 July 2019 / Revised: 7 October 2019 / Accepted: 10 October 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Lignin (15–30 wt%) is a key component of lignocellulosic biomass, along with cellulose (30–50 wt%) and hemicellulose (20–35 wt%), which is largely obtained as a waste product from pulp/paper and biorefinery industries. Due to its aromatic polymer structure, lignin is an obvious non-fossil source for aromatics and their derivatives. Efficient lignin valorization can assist in achieving two essential energy goals, i.e., boosting the lignocellulosic biorefinery and reducing the utilization of fossil fuels for chemicals synthesis. Hence, developing efficient processes and technologies for transforming this waste lignin into value-added chemicals is of paramount interest in the current biorefinery research. Catalysis plays a crucial role in lignin valorization via efficient cleavage of C-O and C-C bonds, which is greatly dependent on the catalysts’ properties and the reaction conditions. In this mini review, we provided a concise account of the most important catalytic routes recently developed for the efficient cleavage of C-O and C-C linkages in lignin systems to produce desired aromatics and their derivatives. Strategies to control unwanted cracking of lignin and char formation especially during catalytic hydroprocessing of lignin are critically discussed. Special attention has been dedicated to understand the role of acid and redox properties of heterogeneous solid catalysts in the selective depolymerization/upgrading of lignin systems. Keywords Lignocellulose . Lignin valorization . Selective C-O and C-C cleavage . Aromatics and their derivatives . Catalysis
1 Introduction Aromatics and their derivatives are essential precursors/ intermediates for the production of polymers, drugs, detergents, dyes, and pesticides, providing the most necessary products used in our daily life [1, 2]. In addition, they are
* Putla Sudarsanam [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f 3001 Heverlee Belgium
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
3
Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
4
Gate College, Chiguruvada (N) Kandriga, R.C. Road Tirupati 517502 India
5
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, 788010 Silchar Assam India
useful industrial solvents for several important chemical reactions and used as additives for high-octane gasoline blends. Fossil fuels, such as coal and crude oil, are currently the primary sources of aromatics. However, the consumption of fossil
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