Review on Conversion of Lignin Waste into Value-Added Resources in Tropical Countries
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REVIEW
Review on Conversion of Lignin Waste into Value‑Added Resources in Tropical Countries Huei Yeong Lim1 · Suzana Yusup1 · Adrian Chun Minh Loy1 · Shafirah Samsuri1 · Sarah Siew Kheng Ho1 · Aida Syafiqah Abdul Manaf1 · Su Shiung Lam2,3,4 · Bridgid Lai Fui Chin5 · Menandro N. Acda6 · Pornkamol Unrean7 · Elisabeth Rianawati8 Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The potential of lignin is huge mainly in refining into biofuels and useful chemicals. Tropical countries have large reserve of biomass; however, lignin is underutilized. Hence, this paper aims to evaluate the lignin potential from biomass and current utilization level in tropical countries such as Brazil, Africa, and Southeast Asia. This paper relevant information is derived from multiple sources, included papers from ISI and Scopus indexed journals, international databases, and online patent search engine. In short, Brazil, has the largest lignin potential, mainly from sugarcane industry, and the highest lignin utilization level at TRL8. Africa had limited information and the least reported amount of studies on biomass available in the studied regions. Southeast Asia countries have oil palm and sugarcane as their largest lignin sources, and a TRL4 lignin utilization level. In Malaysia, oil palm refinery residues are the largest sources of lignin, which are readily to be extracted and processed into value-added products. Lignin utilization industry is also supported by some government policies. In this case, integrated biorefinery is a promising approach in achieving feasible conversion and utilization of lignin in Malaysia, where it adds value to various agricultures wastes produced, while also reducing the waste disposal problems. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Lignin · Tropical countries · Biomass wastes · Lignin isolation · Lignin conversion
Statement of Novelty * Suzana Yusup [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
This paper aims to discuss and present the opportunity of lignin utilisation in tropical countries, especially in Malaysia. Tropical region is blessed with substantial amount of
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biomass and lignin resources, but most technologies had been focused on the holocellulose constituents of lignocellulosic biomass, leaving lignin as unwanted wastes. There are also review papers and research works completed on the utilization of lignin in general. Therefore, this paper had given the focus in the tropical region. Through this study, it is expected that the potential of lignin in tropical countries will obtain higher attention and interest in development of viable technologies to exploit the lignin as part of green and sustainable industry.
Introduction Following the growing world population, the demands for fuels and chemicals increased which lead to the explorations of various renewable sources. Among which, plant biomass had received quite close attention as assuring feedstock for the biorefinery industry in t
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