Reef-associated fishes have more maneuverable body shapes at a macroevolutionary scale
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Reef-associated fishes have more maneuverable body shapes at a macroevolutionary scale Olivier Larouche1 • Bailey Benton1 • Katherine A. Corn2 • Sarah T. Friedman2 • Dominique Gross1 • Mikayla Iwan1 • Brian Kessler1 • Christopher M. Martinez2 • Sierra Rodriguez1 • Hannah Whelpley1 • Peter C. Wainwright2 • Samantha A. Price1
Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Marine habitats vary widely in structure, from incredibly complex coral reefs to simpler deep water and open ocean habitats. Hydromechanical models of swimming kinematics and microevolutionary studies suggest that these habitats select for different body shape characteristics. Fishes living in simple habitats are predicted to experience selection for energy-efficient sustained swimming, which can be achieved by fusiform body shapes. In contrast, fishes living in complex habitats are predicted to be under selection for maneuverability, which can be enhanced by deep-bodied and laterally compressed forms. To look for a signature of these processes at a broad macroevolutionary scale, we quantified the body shapes of 3322 species of marine teleostean fishes using a series of linear measurements. We scored each species for whether they were reef-associated or not and tested for morphological differences using a phylogenetic framework. Our results confirmed significant overall shape differences between reef-associated teleosts and those occupying structurally simpler marine habitats. Reef-associated species have, on average, deeper bodies and higher depth-towidth ratios, while non-reef species are more streamlined
Topic Editor Andrew Hoey
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01976-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Olivier Larouche [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
2
Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
with narrower and shallower caudal peduncles. Despite the numerous evolutionary forces that may influence body shapes on a broad macroevolutionary scale, our results reveal differences in body shapes between reef-associated and non-reef species that are consistent with hydromechanical models of swimming kinematics as well as with microevolutionary patterns. Keywords Habitat structural complexity Fish body shapes Fish swimming Macroevolution Morphological diversity
Introduction Reefs are among the most diverse and biologically productive environments on Earth (Sargent and Austin 1949, 1954; Odum and Odum 1955; Kohn and Helfrich 1957; Connell 1978; Hatcher 1988; Ferreira et al. 2001; Steneck et al. 2002; Monismith 2007). Despite representing only a small percentage of total oceanic surface area, reefs are home to a disproportionately large fraction of marine species (Spalding and Grenfell 1997; Spalding et al. 2001; Roberts et al. 2002;
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