Regulation of metabolic products and gene expression in Fusarium asiaticum by agmatine addition
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Regulation of metabolic products and gene expression in Fusarium asiaticum by agmatine addition Tadahiro Suzuki & Young-Kyung Kim & Hifumi Yoshioka & Yumiko Iwahashi
Received: 21 October 2012 / Revised: 26 December 2012 / Accepted: 8 January 2013 / Published online: 31 January 2013 # The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract The metabolic products resulting from the cultivation of F. asiaticum in agmatine were identified using capillary electrophoresis–time of flight mass spectrometry. Glyoxylic acid was detected from fungal cultures grown in agmatine, while it was absent in control cells. The abundance of other metabolic products of the glycolytic pathway also increased because of agmatine; however, there was no increase in the amounts of pyruvic acid or metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Moreover, gene expression levels within Fusarium asiaticum exposed to agmatine were analyzed by DNA microarray. Changes in gene expression levels directed the changes in metabolic products. Our results suggest that acetyl coenzyme A, which is a starting substrate for the biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol (DON), was simultaneously produced by activated β-oxidation. Furthermore, the content of 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) was increased in the agmatine addition culture medium. GABA can be synthesized from agmatine through putrescine and might influence the regulation of DON-related genes. Keywords Fusarium asiaticum . DNA microarray . Deoxynivalenol . Acetyl-CoA . 4-aminobutyrate (GABA)
Introduction Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex cause fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other small grain cereals, and ear rot in maize (Suga et al. 2008). FHB is one of the most economically important diseases of wheat in the world; it causes yield losses, grain quality reduction, and T. Suzuki : Y.-K. Kim : H. Yoshioka : Y. Iwahashi (*) National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins (Bottalico and Perrone 2002; Goswami and Kistler 2004). The F. graminearum species complex consists of at least 13 phylogenetically distinct species (Yli-Mattila et al. 2009). These species tend to produce different, strain-specific trichothecenes including nivalenol, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalnenol (15ADON) (Bottalico and Perrone 2002). Geographically, among members of the F. graminearum species complex, 15ADON producers are prevalent in the United States and United Kingdom, whereas 3ADON producers are prevalent in Asia. In particular, the vast majority of Fusarium asiaticum are found in temperate regions of Asia, where the annual average temperature is over 15 °C and FHB epidemics occur most frequently (Zhang et al. 2010). DONs are heat-stable molecules that are not eliminated during the processes currently used in food manufacture. The most efficient way to reduce or prevent DON contamination of food is to lim
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