Relationships between undrained shear strength, liquidity index, and water content ratio of clays
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Relationships between undrained shear strength, liquidity index, and water content ratio of clays Satoru Shimobe 1
&
Giovanni Spagnoli 2
Received: 17 June 2019 / Accepted: 6 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Clays are very important in environmental geotechnical applications because of their characteristics. This paper considered over 500 data from literature and from laboratory. Undrained shear strength (remolded and undisturbed), liquidity index (IL), and water content ratio (WCR) have been compared among each other. Because natural clays have different physical and mineralogical properties, no unique relationship exists. The relationship between remolded and undisturbed undrained shear strength and liquidity index (IL) is scattered. On the contrary, if only remolded undrained shear strength values are plotted against the liquidity index, a good tendency is observed considering also the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit in the range of IL between 0.8 and 1.3. Keywords Clays . Atterberg limits . Undrained shear strength . Liquidity index . Water content ratio . Plasticity ratio
Abbreviations CF Clay fraction (% < 2 μm) FC Fall cone test d Cone penetration (mm) IL (LI) Liquidity index (ILc obtained by fall cone test) ILN Logarithmic liquidity index = ln(w/PL)/ln(LL/PL) LL (wL) Liquid limit (%; wLc obtained by fall cone test) PL (wP) Plastic limit (%; wPc obtained by fall cone test) PI (Ip) Plasticity index=LL-PL=wL − wp. PL Rp (Rpc) Plasticity ratio¼ LL (that obtained by fall cone test) Rs Strength ratio=sur(PL)/sur(LL) (=sPL/sLL) St Sensitivity ratio=su/sur su (Undisturbed) undrained shear strength (kPa) sur Remolded undrained shear strength (kPa) sur(LL) (Remolded) undrained shear strength at liquid limit (=sLL) sur(PL) (Remolded) undrained shear strength at plastic limit (=sPL)
* Giovanni Spagnoli [email protected]; [email protected] Satoru Shimobe [email protected] 1
College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Funabashi 274-8501, Japan
2
BASF Construction Solutions GmbH, Dr.-Albert-Frank-Straße 32, 83308 Trostberg, Germany
w WCR α β
Water content w Water content ratio¼ LL Material constant and gradient of the IL-WCR 1 relationship ¼ 1−R p Material constant and intercept of the IL-WCR Rp relationship ¼ 1−Rp
Introduction In geotechnical engineering clays are very important because their characteristics, e.g., low permeability, high heavy metal retention, and cationic organic contaminants, are very important for different applications such as liners for waste disposal. Therefore, the basic geotechnical properties of clays such as Atterberg limits, consistency, and liquidity index, IL, are key factors in the geotechnical assessment during each construction project. In the last years, an enormous amount of data and correlations have been generated. It would be challenging to quote them all; however, Atterberg limits have been correlated in the past with several geotechnical properties suc
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