Removal of emerging pollutant dibutylhydroxytoluene from water with CNT/TiO 2 catalysts in a visible LED photoreactor
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ADVANCED OXIDATION/REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES: AN PERSPECTIVE FROM IBEROAMERICAN COUNTRIES
Removal of emerging pollutant dibutylhydroxytoluene from water with CNT/TiO2 catalysts in a visible LED photoreactor María Patricia de la Flor 1 & Rafael Camarillo 1 & Fabiola Martínez 1 & Carlos Jiménez 1 & Rafael Quiles 1 & Jesusa Rincón 1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract For the photocatalytic degradation of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT), several TiO2-based composites have been prepared in MWCNT from titanium isopropoxide and ethanol via supercritical CO2 synthesis followed by calcination at 400 °C. TEM and XRD showed uniform coverage of CNT by 10 nm TiO2 particles in the anatase form, and spectral analyses revealed the formation of CNT/TiO2 structure. Further, synthesized material displayed significant visible light absorption and absorption edge shifted to longer wavelengths. Once the material was characterized, the effect of adsorption and photochemical degradation of BHT was investigated in the wavelength range from 400 to 700 nm, in batch mode, by monitoring the concentrations of BHT as a function of time. CNT/TiO2 composites were more efficient than commercial TiO2 P25 in the photodegradation of the antioxidant. In particular, CNT50/TiO250, a composite with 50% by weight of CNT, was the best catalyst, stable, and completely degrading BHT within 30 min of exposure to visible light. The role played by different reactive oxidative species (h+, OH ·, 1O2, and O∙− 2 ) in the photocatalytic reaction was also studied by using appropriate radical scavengers that inhibited the corresponding active species. Superoxide radical was found the main oxidizing agent. Keywords BHT . CNT/TiO2 . Enhanced photocatalysis . Visible light degradation . Emergent pollutants . Water treatment
Introduction Water is responsible of life as we know it, and for this reason, water pollution is an important problem to solve. Because of this, regulations have been put into place to limit the presence of pollutants in natural water sources and different technologies proposed to remove them from wastewater (Camarillo and Rincón 2011; Camarillo et al. 2009; Rincón et al. 1993). Nevertheless, a large number of microcontaminants such as those of the watch list in Decision 2015/495/EU are not covered by legal regulations and little is known about their Responsible Editor: Vítor Pais Vilar Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11126-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jesusa Rincón [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
removal, particularly regarding realistic concentrations in aqueous environments (Barbosa et al. 2016). BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene) is one of the substances included in
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