Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Water Treatment by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
The general rules established in abundant studies on removal of conventional pollutants from waters by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration were reconsidered in this contribution in order to determine their applicability for the removal of emerging contamin
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emoval of Emerging Contaminants in Water Treatment by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Branko Kunst (u) · Kreˇsimir Koˇsuti´c Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, PO Box 177, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia [email protected] 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Predictive Modelling of RO and NF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 4.1 4.2 4.3
Solute Rejection Mechanisms by the NF/RO Membrane Size Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charge Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physicochemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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108 108 111 112
5 5.1
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5.2 5.3
Recent Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removal of Emerging Contaminants at Submicrogram per Liter Concentrations . . . . . . . Removal of Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Latest Results on the Organics Removal by NF/RO
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116 118 119
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Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract The general rules established in abundant studies on removal of conventional pollutants from waters by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration were reconsidered in this contribution in order to determine their applicability for the removal of emerging contaminants. The new results on removal of organic pollutants at trace concentrations from waters and wastewaters are presented, together with the assessment of the extent to which the general findings and rules of NF/RO are valid and confirmed in the recent studies. Some specific findings and conclusions from studies on the removal of emerging micropollutants are also highlighted. Keywords Removal of emerging contaminants · Water treatment · Nanofiltration · Reverse osmosis · Rejection mechanisms
1 Introduction Emerging contaminants are organic compounds found in the commercial products used in large quantities in everyday life, such as pharmaceuti-
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B. Kunst · K. Koˇsuti´c
cally active compounds (PhACs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC), pesticides, human and veterinary drugs, surfactants, textile dyes, etc. Their widespread presence in low concentrations in effluents and generally in the aquatic environment has recently become an environmental problem, and the public has expressed human-health concerns regarding the occurrence of these contaminants in water reuse projects. Some of them are highly persistent. For others, the high degradation rate has been counterbalanced by their continuous introduction into the aquatic environment. Although the health effects of the consumption of these micropollutants at low concentration levels as of yet have
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