Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Aqueous Medium: A State-of-the-Art Review Based on Paracetamol
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REVIEW - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Removal of Pharmaceutical Contaminants from Aqueous Medium: A State-of-the-Art Review Based on Paracetamol W. J. Lee1 · P. S. Goh1 · W. J. Lau1 · A. F. Ismail1 Received: 11 December 2019 / Accepted: 27 February 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract The usage of pharmaceutical products is becoming increasingly extensive because of the emerging ailments. Analgesic and antipyretic drugs are ranked the most used drugs worldwide. Unused or expired analgesic and antipyretic drugs are being disposed into aquatic environment which could lead to water pollution bringing adverse impacts to the living organisms which in the end cause fatality. Paracetamol, as one of the most common drug used for analgesic and antipyretic purposes to treat fever and relieve pain, was found to have much higher concentration in aquatic stream and thus need to be removed efficiently. Various technologies for paracetamol removal have been established to solve this thorny issue. This study first gives reader understanding regarding some detrimental effects of paracetamol waste towards environmental and mankind with its current disposal level and limit. Then it provides comprehensive review on the technologies to remove paracetamol effectively from aqueous stream, such as advanced oxidation process, biodegradation, adsorption, and membrane separation, which in turn inspires reader for more innovation. This review is also wrapped up with the future challenges and prospects of these techniques. By comparing all advantages and disadvantages of different technologies, advanced oxidation process is then recommended as the most practically feasible method. Keywords Acetaminophen removal · Advanced oxidation process (AOP) · Biodegradation · Membrane process · Adsorption
1 Introduction Nowadays, the global consumption of pharmaceutical products (PPs) is on rise due to increasing ailments. It has been estimated that the global pharmaceuticals market worth USD 935 billion in 2017 and predicted to reach USD 1170 billion in 2021, according to a recent market research report by the Business Research Company (2018). Despite the advantages of a wide range of PPs, the discharge of various types of PP is a potential source to water pollution as they can bring harmful impact to the environment and inhabited living organism because of their constant existence in groundwater, surface water, urban wastewater and drinking water [1]. PPs can be toxic, persistent, and potentially cause bioaccumulation
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P. S. Goh [email protected] A. F. Ismail [email protected] Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
in organisms from different trophic levels, hence becoming hazardous to wildlife [2]. As PPs are designed to exert specific biological activity, it can cause immediate effect (acute toxicity) towards the organism [3, 4]. Then, long-term exposure of the PPs towards organisms even in sub-inhibitory concentration is potentially associat
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