A review on detection of heavy metals from aqueous media using nanomaterial-based sensors
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CHEMISTRY STUDIES
A review on detection of heavy metals from aqueous media using nanomaterial-based sensors Jamil Ahmed Buledi 1 & Sidra Amin 1 & Syed Iqleem Haider 2 & Muhammad Iqbal Bhanger 3 & Amber R. Solangi 1 Received: 24 October 2019 / Accepted: 23 January 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The extensive release of heavy metals into the natural water bodies has become globally prevalent from past few decades. Heavy metal toxicity is becoming a serious threat to human and the environment. Due to their prolonged half-life, potential accumulation in different parts of body, and non-biodegradability, metal ions are being obvious entities that can cause several hazardous health risks. A number of methods have been developed for the detection of heavy/toxic metals based on sensors. Among the various new technologies, chemical and optical nano sensors are emerging technology to detect toxic heavy metals. Several nano sensors have been developed using nano materials, synthesized from green or chemical methods. The nano sensors are convenient to prepare and provide enhanced limit of detection, limit of quantification, and onsite detection. This review covers the recent work reported from 2013 to 2019 for the detection of heavy metals using sensors based on nano materials synthesized by different routes. Keywords Heavy metals . Nanomaterial . Chemical synthesis . Green synthesis . Electrochemical and colorimetric analysis . Fluorescence
Introduction The occurrence of metals on earth’s crust is found to be natural and their composition differs among different localities, laterally with different concentrations. The existence of heavy metals in water poses serious threats to human health and the environment. The rapid increase of heavy metals in the environment from past few decades is due to the enhancement in industrial and mining activities. Moreover, metals can be discharged through other natural sources, e.g., rainwater, soil, weathering, and erosion, from rock that can intensively increase the release of toxic metals into waters. Heavy metals including arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, cobalt, nickel, copper, and magnesium can cause pollution in soil, air, Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Amber R. Solangi [email protected] 1
National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, Govt. College University, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
3
International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
and water leading to severe toxic effects and health issues (Arora et al. 2008; Khlifi and Hamza-Chaffai 2010; Jaishankar et al. 2014; Poornima et al. 2016; Lin et al. 2017). Toxic heavy metals may exist as ions, elements, or complexes with the density of 4 g/cm3 which is five times greater than water (Ugulu 2015). Over the period of years, various conventional analytical methods have been esta
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