Research progress of nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic therapy in tumor treatment
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Research progress of nanomaterial-mediated photodynamic therapy in tumor treatment Zhihui Yan & Chuyu Qin & Chuanxiang Zhao & Zhengzou Fang
Received: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new approach to destroy tumor over past decades due to its high selectivity and minimal invasiveness. Photosensitizers (PSs), plenty of oxygen, and special wavelengths of light irradiation are three indispensable basic elements in the PDT therapeutic procedure. Upon exposed to light irradiation, PSs utilized surround oxygen to produce poisonous reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells through apoptosis or necrosis. PDT cased cancer cells damage highly dependent on tissue oxygen concentration and DNA self-repairing inhibition. Therefore, altering ROS homeostasis in cancer cells can be exploited for tumor therapeutic. Furthermore, PDT as the highly selective therapy approach can directly ablate solid tumor at primary sites. Meanwhile, it can induce immunogenic cell death by release damage-associate molecular patterns and tumorassociated antigens to activate immune response for inhibit cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, PDT was seriously hampered due to the poor drug penetration depth and unfavorable biodistribution of PSs at the lesion tissues. As the development of Z. Yan : Z. Fang (*) The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an, No.62, Huaihai Road (S.), Huai’an 223002, China e-mail: [email protected] C. Qin : C. Zhao (*) School of Medical Technology, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province, China e-mail: [email protected]
nanomaterial, nanotechology-based PDT have made a huge revolution in cancer therapeutic, which can effectively overcome these drawbacks and ameliorate the complex tumor microenvironment to enhance PDT effects. In general, the size of nanoparticles between 50 and 100 nm can prolong blood circulation time and efficiently tumor accumulation through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. Once inside the tumor tissues, they should be small enough to enhance penetration. Given this, we summarize the advances of PDT in tumor therapeutic. Keywords Photodynamic therapy (PDT) . ROS . Photosensitizers . Light irradiation . Nanomaterial . Nanomeidcine
Introduction It is well-known that extreme conditions, such as acidic, elevated H2O2 concentration, high levels of glutathione concentration, and hypoxia, are the common features of the tumor microenvironment (TEM), which may result in multi-drug resistance in the tumor therapeutic progress (Lohse et al. 2014; Semenza 2012; Lou et al. 2011). Besides cancer cells, there are many other types of cells in solid tumors, which are feed by distorted tumor blood vessels and surrounded by condense extracellular matrix (Turley et al. 2015). Such unique and complex tumor structure possesses various biological barriers, which can obstacle the delivery of anticancer drugs in cancer treatment (Mikhai
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