Residual effect of two chemical insecticides on functional response of Habrobracon hebetor say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Residual effect of two chemical insecticides on functional response of Habrobracon hebetor say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Azadeh Jarrahi 1 & Seyed Ali Safavi 1 Received: 5 April 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Braconid wasps are among the most successful parasitoids of lepidopteran pests worldwide. The sublethal effects of two chemical insecticides, lufenuron (Match®) and thiacloprid + deltamethrin (Proteus®), were studied on functional response of Habrobracon hebetor Say to Ephestia kuehniella Zeller larvae. Seven host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 96) were used during a 24 h period under controlled conditions of 27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% R.H. and 16:8 h (L:D). The resulting data were appropriately fit to Type II functional response models in all treatments, including: (1) control (a = 0.0967 h−1; and Th = 0.2128 h); (2) lufenuron (a = 0.0950 h−1 and Th = 0.2162 h) and (3) thiacloprid + deltamethrin (a = 0.0806 h−1 and Th = 0.3431 h). The maximum theoretical parasitism rate (T/Th) was 112.78 estimated for control wasps. There was no significant difference between the values of attack rates (a and a + Da) in all treatments, while the handling time was statistically affected in female wasps treated with thiacloprid + deltamethrin. These findings will be useful to the safe deployment of lufenuron in pest management programs. Keywords Parasitism rate . Habrobracon hebetor . Thiacloprid + deltamethrin . Lufenuron . Pest management
Introduction A successful pest management program needs to avoid antagonistic interactions between different control strategies (Moezipour et al. 2008). Beneficial arthropods may expose to low concentrations of insecticides in fields for different durations after pesticide application (Desneux et al. 2005; Tan et al. 2012). Selective insecticides can be useful tools for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Therefore, careful assessments of their potential side effects are necessary to ensure their safety on natural enemies (Desneux et al. 2007a, 2007b; Sedaratian et al. 2013). Besides, combination of these agents may culminate in more extensive, preventive and remedial treatments than either approach alone (Gentz et al. 2010). Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym.: Braconidae) is a gregarious, idiobiont and cosmopolitan ectoparasitoid that attacks larvae of many lepidopteran pests (Ghimire and Phillips 2010; Jarrahi * Seyed Ali Safavi [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
and Safavi 2016a). This parasitoid wasp is a potential biocontrol agent worldwide to suppress moth populations both in stored products or field crops. The most extensive biological research with H. hebetor is focused on host-finding and preference, utilization and sex allocation (Ghimire and Phillips 2010; Chen et al. 2013; Jarrahi and Safavi 2016b). Some conventional insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates an
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