Revealing oral microbiota composition and functionality associated with heavy cigarette smoking
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ournal of Translational Medicine Open Access
RESEARCH
Revealing oral microbiota composition and functionality associated with heavy cigarette smoking Mohammad Tahseen Al Bataineh1,2*, Nihar Ranjan Dash1, Mohammed Elkhazendar1, Dua’a Mohammad Hasan Alnusairat1, Islam Mohammad Ismail Darwish1, Mohamed Saleh Al‑Hajjaj1,3 and Qutayba Hamid2,4
Abstract Background: Heavy tobacco smoking, a hallmark feature of lung cancer, is drastically predominant in Middle Eastern populations. The precise links between nicotine dependence and the functional contribution of the oral microbiota remain unknown in these populations. Methods: We evaluated the composition and functional capabilities of oral microbiota with relation to cigarette smoking in 105 adults through shotgun metagenomics using buccal swabs. Results: The oral microbiota composition in our study subjects was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, in addition to the genera Prevotella and Veillonella, similar to previously described westernized cohorts. Furthermore, the smoker’s oral microbiota represented a significant abundance of Veillonella dispar, Leptotrichia spp. and Prevotella pleuritidis when compared to non-smokers. Within the smoking groups, differen‑ tial relative abundance testing unveiled relative abundance of Streptobacillus hongkongensis, Fusobacterium massiliense, Prevotella bivia in high nicotine dependent compared to low nicotine dependent profiles based on Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Functional profiling showed marked differences between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers exhibited an enrichment of Tricarballylate utilization and Lactate racemization when compared to the nonsmokers. According to their nicotine dependence, enrichment of Xanthosine utilization, p-Aminobenzoyl-Glutamate utilization, and multidrug efflux pump in Campylobacter jejuni biosynthesis modules were detected in the high nico‑ tine dependent group. Conclusions: These compositional and functional differences may provide critical insight on how variations in the oral microbiota could predispose to respiratory illnesses and smoke cessation relapse in cigarette smokers. In particu‑ lar, the observed enrichment of Fusobacterium and Prevotella in the oral microbiota possibly suggests an intriguing linkage to gut and lung cancers. Keywords: Fagerström test, Nicotine dependence, Oral microbiota, Shotgun metagenomics
*Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Introduction The oral microbiota is the second most complex microbial ecosystem after the gut flora, consisting of a dynamic spectrum of microorganisms residing in the oral cavity and its interaction with host genetics, diet, immune system, and many other factors [1]. The bacterial microbiome is the predominant component, with species
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