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ORIGINAL PAPER

Revealing the Water Resistance, Thermal and Biodegradation Properties of Citrus aurantifolia Crosslinked Tapioca Starch/ Nanocellulose Bionanocomposites Hui Lin Ong1,2   · Al Rey Villagracia3 · Wei Tieng Owi1 · Sung Ting Sam4 · Hazizan Md Akil5

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Moisture absorption, thermal and biodegradation properties of nanocellulose (NC) reinforced bionanocomposite tapioca starch (TS) films crosslinked with Citrus aurantifolia or lime juice (LJ) were investigated for food packaging applications. The films were synthesized by solvent casting using different amounts of nanocellulose and crosslinkers: lime juice and a commercial citric acid (CA). Nanocellulose as reinforcing filler was obtained from oil palm empty fruit bunches through acid hydrolysis. Crystallinity of all TS bionanocomposites was determined using X-ray diffractometry. TS bionanocomposites interaction with water was studied by means of moisture absorption, moisture content and swelling. Flory-Huggin model was used to measure the crosslinked density of crosslinked TS bionanocomposites which indicated successful crosslinking using LJ and CA for TS. The crystallinity of TS film increased from 43.5% for neat TS to 51.6% for TS film with inclusion of NC. LJ-crosslinked TS film with 1 wt% of NC (based on starch content) had the lowest moisture absorption and swelling ratio. TS bionanocomposites with LJ had better thermal and biodegradation properties compared to commercial CA-crosslinked TS biocomposites, which can be a potential food packaging material among the tested bionanocomposites. Keywords  Crosslinked tapioca starch · Citrus aurantifolia · Nanocellulose · Oil palm empty fruit bunch · Bionanocomposite · Biodegradation properties

Introduction Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (https​://doi.org/10.1007/s1092​4-020-01852​-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hui Lin Ong [email protected] 1



School of Material Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

2



Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization and Malaysia Innovation Center for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

3

Physics Department, De La Salle University, 0922 Manila, Philippines

4

School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

5

School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia



Nanomaterials from natural resources have gained significantly attention in recent years for their promising contribution to many applications such as in the fields of wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical, medical, food, agriculture, and packaging [1–6]. Researchers worldwide pursue the development of new biodegradable, organic and eco-safe packaging materials