Changes in nutrient concentrations and biochemical characteristics of Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) infected by p
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BACTERIAL AND PHYTOPLASMA DISEASES
Changes in nutrient concentrations and biochemical characteristics of Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) infected by phytoplasma Tahereh Raiesi1 · Morteza Golmohammadi1 Received: 3 October 2019 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 © The Phytopathological Society of Japan and Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Witches’ broom disease of lime (WBDL), caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, is a major limiting factor for Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) production in southern Iran. Here, nutritional status and biochemical composition of healthy and infected Mexican lime in a greenhouse were compared between uninoculated (healthy) plants and plants 52 weeks after inoculation with the phytoplasma. Leaves from healthy and infected plants were sampled to measure total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activities, soluble carbohydrate, and starch. Macro- and microelements were also measured in leaves, stems, and roots of the plants. The results showed that phytoplasma infection led to a marked increase in soluble carbohydrates and starch in the leaves, but to a reduction in the roots. In leaves and roots, antioxidant capacity, phenolics, and peroxidase activity were enhanced after infection; nitrogen, calcium, boron, and manganese were significantly lower and phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, and copper significantly higher in the infected leaves. This study provides new insights on metabolic and nutritional changes associated with WBDL in the greenhouse. Keywords Antioxidant · Carbohydrate · Candidatus phytoplasma aurantifolia · Nutritional status
Introduction Witches’ broom disease of lime (WBDL) is a highly destructive disease of citrus presumably caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’, a wall-less, non-culturable, insect-transmitted, phloem-limited prokaryote. Phytoplasmas, which cause diseases in more than 100 plant families worldwide (Hogenhout et al. 2008), are completely dependent on their host, since they do not have the genes needed for ATP synthesis and the uptake and metabolism of sugars (Christensen et al. 2005). After phytoplasma infection, orchard trees usually die in about 4–5 years after becoming symptomatic. Yield losses of up to 70% have been reported in some Mexican lime-producing countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Iran after phytoplasma infection (Garnier et al. 1991;
* Tahereh Raiesi [email protected] 1
Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO), 46915 Ramsar, Iran
Salehi et al. 1997). Since 2000, most Mexican lime trees in Iran have been destroyed by WBDL. Shoots of Mexican lime trees infected by phytoplasma are usually thin with very small, light green leaves and short internodes. In general, the overall decline of the tree leads to eventual dieback. Phytoplasmas impair host plants by impacting gene expression (Giorno et al. 2013), plant horm
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