Review: Micro- and nanostructured surface engineering for biomedical applications
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Review: Micro- and nanostructured surface engineering for biomedical applications Emma Luong-Van,a) Isabel Rodriguez, and Hong Yee Low Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Research Link, Singapore 117602
Noha Elmouelhi, Bruce Lowenhaupt, Sriram Natarajan, Chee Tiong Lim, Rita Prajapati, Murty Vyakarnam, and Kevin Cooper Advanced Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, LLC, A Johnson and Johnson Company, Somerville, New Jersey 08876 (Received 6 July 2012; accepted 9 November 2012)
The engineering of well-defined micro- and nanoscaled surface topographies on biomedical metals and polymeric materials has been explored as a strategy to control biological responses. In this review, the ability of surface features engineered by a variety of methods to promote or reduce protein, blood, and bacterial adhesion is discussed independent of surface chemistry. The interaction of proteins with surface topography is fundamentally important and influences the conformation, the types of protein, as well as the overall amount of protein adhesion, which in many instances is increased over the associated increase in surface area. The use of superhydrophobic surface features is discussed as a manner to engineer antifouling surfaces with protein, blood, and bacterial resistance. I. INTRODUCTION
B. Topography on metals
A. Surface topographies
Micro- and nanosized surfaces topographies have been engineered by a variety of methods to create both random and periodic structures in biomedical metal and polymeric materials. The study of metal surfaces often relates to titanium for dental,2 orthopedic,3,4 and coronary stents.5 Titanium is very stable and inert to the human body, and for this very reason, cell growth and healing around a smooth titanium implant is slow. As such, ways to enhance its bioactivity including engineering of surface topography have been explored.6,7 Nonperiodic surface texturing on titanium has been achieved by techniques such as plasma spraying, grit blasting, acid etching, or anodization as reviewed by Le Guehennec et al.8 Regular uniform patterns in the micrometer and nanometer range9 have also been studied. The addition of topographic features on to titanium improves tissue integration as well as influences the way in which cells proliferate and differentiate.
The surface topography of a material is known to influence biological processes including protein adsorption and conformation, cell behavior, blood-contacting properties, and bacterial adhesion. This has implications for materials used for microfluidic devices, biosensors, and implant materials. Surface topography has been explored as a way to create both antifouling (e.g., protein, blood, or bacterial resistant) surfaces as well as surfaces with enhanced protein uptake properties without the need to change the bulk properties of the material or the surface chemistry. The power of surface topography can be seen by the ability to turn cell-repulsive polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfaces into cell-
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