Review of the health benefits of habitual consumption of miso soup: focus on the effects on sympathetic nerve activity,
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(2020) 25:45
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
REVIEW ARTICLE
Open Access
Review of the health benefits of habitual consumption of miso soup: focus on the effects on sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate Koji Ito
Abstract High salt intake increases blood pressure, and dietary salt intake has been clearly demonstrated to be associated with hypertension incidence. Japanese people consume higher amounts of salt than Westerners. It has been reported that miso soup was one of the major sources of daily salt intake in Japanese people. Adding salt is indispensable to make miso, and therefore, in some cases, refraining from miso soup is recommended to reduce dietary salt intake. However, recent studies using salt-sensitive hypertensive models have revealed that miso lessens the effects of salt on blood pressure. In other word, the intake of miso dose not increase the blood pressure compared to the equivalent intake of salt. In addition, many clinical observational studies have demonstrated the absence of a relationship between the frequency of miso soup intake and blood pressure levels or hypertension incidence. The mechanism of this phenomenon seen in the subjects with miso soup intake has not been fully elucidated yet. However, in basic studies, it was found that the ingredients of miso attenuate sympathetic nerve activity, resulting in lowered blood pressure and heart rate. Therefore, this review focused on the differences between the effects of miso intake and those of the equivalent salt intake on sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, and heart rate. Keywords: Miso, Hypertension, Sympathetic nerve activity, Blood pressure, Heart rate
Introduction Elevated blood pressure is an important reason for increased morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. Both basic and clinical studies have shown that high salt intake increases the blood pressure [3–5]. A well-known study called The INTERSALT study revealed that dietary salt intake is related to the blood pressure level, after adjusting for confounding factors [6]. In addition, high salt intake is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease [7], and dietary changes, which included Correspondence: [email protected] Department of Clinical Laboratory, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Kyushu Hospital, 1-8-1, Kishinoura, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 806-8501, Japan
reduction in salt intake, were reported to be associated with lower blood pressure. Therefore, reducing salt intake has been established as a standard method to prevent and treat hypertension [8–10], with patients instructed to refrain from salt intake for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Recently, the role of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in the pathogenesis of salt-induced hypertension has gained emphasis [11, 12]. The sympathetic nervous system, which modulates SNA, is well known to play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate [13, 14]. Although the precise mechanisms remain unclear, several factors are reported
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