Revisiting the Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Selenium on the Health and Performance of Dairy Animals: a Review
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Revisiting the Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Selenium on the Health and Performance of Dairy Animals: a Review Muhammad Adeel Arshad 1 & Hossam Mahrous Ebeid 2 & Faiz-ul Hassan 1,3 Received: 29 August 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Selenium (Se) is one of the most important essential trace elements in livestock production. It is a structural component in at least 25 selenoproteins such as the iodothyronine deiodinases and thioredoxin reductases as selenocysteine at critical positions in the active sites of these enzymes. It is also involved in the synthesis of the thyroid hormone and influences overall body metabolism. Selenium being a component of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme also plays a key role in the antioxidant defense system of animals. Dietary requirements of Se in dairy animals depend on physiological status, endogenous Se content, Se source, and route of administration. Most of the dietary Se is absorbed through the duodenum in ruminants and also some portion through the rumen wall. Inorganic Se salts such as Na-selenate and Na-selenite have shown lower bioavailability than organic and nano-Se. Selenium deficiency has been associated with reproductive disorders such as retained placenta, abortion, early embryonic death, and infertility, together with muscular diseases (like white muscle disease and skeletal and cardiac muscle necrosis). The deficiency of Se can also affect the udder health particularly favoring clinical and subclinical mastitis, along with an increase of milk somatic cell counts in dairy animals. However, excessive Se supplementation (5 to 8 mg/kg DM) can lead to acute toxicity including chronic and acute selenosis. Se is the most vital trace element for the optimum performance of dairy animals. This review focuses to provide insights into the comparative efficacy of different forms of dietary Se (inorganic, organic, and nano-Se) on the health and production of dairy animals and milk Se content. Keywords Selenium . Antioxidant . Nanoparticles . Health . Production . Dairy animals
Introduction Trace elements or minerals are classified as micronutrients that have nutritional relevance for livestock generally (ruminants or non-ruminants), and they are considered in their diets [1]. These microelements are divided into essential (Fe, Cu, Co, Se, I, Mn, Zn, and B) and non-essential (toxic elements Muhammad Adeel Arshad and Hossam Mahrous Ebeid contributed equally to this work. * Faiz-ul Hassan [email protected] 1
Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
2
Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
3
Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
such as Pb and Cd) elements. The essential microminerals act as co-factors of various metalloe
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