Review of water and soil contamination in and around Salihli geothermal field (Manisa, Turkey)
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Review of water and soil contamination in and around Salihli geothermal field (Manisa, Turkey) Tuğbanur Özen Balaban 1
&
Ali Bülbül 2 & Gültekin Tarcan 3
Received: 17 June 2017 / Accepted: 10 November 2017 / Published online: 5 December 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract The town of Salihli is situated in Gediz Graben in the western Anatolia. This region is important in terms of industry, mining, geothermal energy, water sources, and agricultural production. Geothermal flow and anthropogenic activities in Salihli threaten the surrounding environment due to the contamination of cold groundwater, surface water, and soil. The goal of the present study is to determine the environmental effects of the geothermal and anthropogenic activities in Salihli on soil, stream sediments, and water. Stream sediments and farm soil have been contaminated by substances derived from geothermal and industrial effluents. To this end, the quality review of the water was completed and the heavy metal levels in stream sediment samples were measured to determine the extent of contamination. The elements As, B, Br, Fe, and Ni are the major contaminants present in surface water and groundwater in the study area. The concentrations of these elements excess tolerance limits of international water standards. Gibbsite, K-mica, kaolinite, sepiolite, halite, sulfur, willemite, and Pb(OH)2 might be precipitated as scales at low temperatures on the soil; this could be interpreted as a resultant from soil contamination. The concentrations of 17 elements (As, Ba, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, and Zn) were measured in samples from stream sediments and surface soils. In the study area, especially geothermal and anthropogenic activities give rise to environmental pollution. Keywords Groundwater . Contamination . EF . Igeo . Saturation
Introduction The study area is in and around Salihli, which is a large town, having a population of 110,000 and is located in the southern Gediz Graben, Turkey (Figs. 1 and 2). The climate is Mediterranean type with an average daytime temperature of 17 °C in this region. The dry season is determined from June to September, and the rainy season is between October and May; the average annual rainfall is approximately 500 mm (Özen 2009). The region is importantnot onlygeothermal sources but also highly fertile soils (Fig. 1). The main agricultural
* Tuğbanur Özen Balaban [email protected] 1
Central Research Laboratories, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
2
Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
3
Department of Geological Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
products are grape, cotton, olive, cherry, peach, apricot, melon, and watermelon. The study area includes one of the high potential geothermal fields of Turkey, having reservoir temperatures between 80 and 155 °C (Özen et al. 2012). The thermal waters have been used in spa facilities since ancient times. District and greenhouse hea
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