Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health
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Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health Bryna Rackerby1 • Hyun Jung Kim2 • David C. Dallas3 • Si Hong Park1
Received: 15 June 2020 / Revised: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 Ó The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2020
Abstract The gut microbiome is the complex microbial ecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiology and metabolism, and has been implicated as a factor in brain function, behavior, mental health, and many disease states. While many factors, including host genetics and environmental factors, contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganisms differ in their nutrient requirements, and alterations in host dietary composition can have strong impacts on the microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. The health implications of these dietary and microbial changes are relevant as various global populations consume diets comprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many diets promote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratios to promote health. This review will outline the ways in which specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gut microbiome and host health.
& Si Hong Park [email protected] Bryna Rackerby [email protected] Hyun Jung Kim [email protected] David C. Dallas [email protected] 1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
2
Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, South Korea
3
School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Keywords Diet Gut microbiome Macronutrient Micronutrient Health
Introduction The gut microbiome is the microbial ecosystem comprised of the many different organisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract. Two phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, dominate the intestinal environment (Eckburg et al., 2005). Though the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, evidence suggests that we can only alter 30 to 40% of our adult gastrointestinal microbiome; the other 60 to 70% is likely controlled by factors such as genetics, epigenetics, and maternal factors such as maternal health, diet, and breastfeeding (Kashtanova et al., 2016). Many of the over 5 million collective genes of the gut microbiome encode biosynthetic enzymes, glycosidases, and proteases (Sommer and Ba¨ckhed, 2013). The gut microbiome contributes to a wide range of functions vital to the host including immune regulation, organ development, host metabolism, behavior (Sommer and Ba¨ckhed, 2013), and maintenance of the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa (Jandhyala et al. 2015). A dysbiotic gut microbiome can contribute to health problems and is often characterized by reduced diversity, increased pathobionts, or microbial overgrowth. The intestinal microbiota is thought to play a role not only in inflammatory conditions associated with d
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