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PERSPECTIVE Rise of the sustainable circular economy platform from waste plastics: A biotechnological perspective

Debajeet K. Bora , Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemedto-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India Address all correspondence to Debajeet K. Bora at debajeet.bora@ jainuniversity.ac.in, [email protected] (Received 11 June 2020; accepted 21 July 2020)

ABSTRACT The circular economy aspects of PET ( polyethylene terephthalate) waste conversion into value-added products are discussed concerning different governmental policies and industrial protocol for plastic degradation. The use of microbial enzymes such as PET hydrolase is discussed regarding PET ( polyethylene terephthalate) degradation. The primary purpose of this perspective is a critical analysis of the correlation of the current state-of-the-art rising circular economy platform enacted across the world with close looping of PET ( polyethylene terephthalate)-based plastic polymer disposal and sustainable recycling and upcycling technology. The goal of the upcycling process is to get the low-cost value-added monomer than those obtained from the hydrocarbon industry from the sustainability prospect. A summary of the circular bio-economic opportunities has also been described. Next, how the PET hydrolase enzyme degrades the PET plastic is discussed. It is followed by an additional overview of the effect of the mutant enzyme for converting 90% of plastics into the terephthalate monomer. A site-directed mutagenesis procedure obtains this particular mutant enzyme. The diversity of different microbial organism for producing PET hydrolase enzyme is finally discussed with a suggested outlook of the circular economy goal from the viewpoint of plastic degradation objectives soon. Keywords: biofilm; catalytic; economics; polymer; sustainability

Introduction The environmental impact of ongoing plastic waste in the form of PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles or other items is causing a grave concern to both humans and animals as a whole biota. For instance, recently, it is evident that most of the plastic is finally ends up killing birds and other aquatic animals by the ingestion process. A case study of catsharks reveals how plastic alters the gene expression process here and subsequently affects the immune system.1 Another concern recently emerges with the contamination of drinking water by microplastic, and it is predicted to be increased by twofold by 2030. The plastic polymer composition and fragmentation

DISCUSSION POINTS • What are the circular economy and bio-economy approaches for plastic and bio-waste recycling? • The different process of plastic upcycling technology. • Biologically motivated plastic upcycling to value-added products.

process need to be analyzed very well to understand the formation of such microplastic. Microplastic can easily penetrate via cell membrane in the various organism and affects the food chain.2 The effect of microplastic on soil properties and related microbiota has also been stud