Stabilizate from Autoclaved Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Valuable Humic Substances in a Waste Circular Economy
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Stabilizate from Autoclaved Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Valuable Humic Substances in a Waste Circular Economy Dorota Kulikowska1 · Katarzyna Bernat1 · Irena Wojnowska‑Baryła1 · Barbara Klik1 · Sylwia Michałowska1 · Sławomir Kasiński1 Received: 26 April 2019 / Accepted: 28 October 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract One of the solutions in unsorted municipal waste management is autoclaving, which maximize the amount of waste for recycling. After autoclaving, however, up to 30% of autoclaved waste, called organic remaining fraction (ORF) is still unstabilized and cannot be landfilled but must be subjected for further stabilization, e.g. in aerobic conditions. After this process waste meets standards for landfilling. However, as during aerobic stabilization humification of organic matter proceed, before landfilling humic substances (HS) could be recovered. High HS concentration in ORF means that before its landfilling HS can be recovered. The maximal recovering of valuable substances from waste is in line with the principles of sustainable development. Therefore, this study examined the humification of ORF from a full-scale mechanical-heat-treatment plant during composting in two-stage system (1st stage in 550 L reactor, 2nd stage in windrow). The rates of organics mineralization were 8.35–12.00 g OM/kg d.m. d. The rates of HS formation were lower, 3.31–3.92 mg/g OM d, and process proceeded most intensively up to 50 days. The maximum HS concentrations were 82–120 mg/g OM, similar to those in composts from different kinds of organic waste. Graphic Abstract 150
HS [mg C/g OM]
ORF stabilization in 500 L reactor with passive aeration
ORF
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HS [mg C/g OM]
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Autoclaving of MSW
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ORF+I
120 90 60 30 0
Organic Remaining Fraction (ORF) after autoclaving (OM content ∼70% DM)
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intensive humification
Keywords Autoclaved municipal waste · Aerobic stabilization · Humification kinetics · Fulvic fraction · Humic acids * Katarzyna Bernat [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Statement of Novelty So far, autoclaves were used mainly for treatment of medical waste. In last decade a few autoclaving installations (mechanical-heat-treatment plant, MHT plant) were established for municipal waste. However, after that process a large part of the autoclaved waste comprises the biodegradable fraction (ORF) that must be stabilized. However, the product of stabilization cannot be used in the environment, but needs to be only landfilled. If it were possible to extract useful substances from the stabilizate, e.g. humic substances, this would be consistent with the goals of a circular economy. To the best our knowledge, humification process during aerobic stabilization of ORF from a full-scale MHT plant as well as humic substances content in stabilizate from ORF have not been analyzed. Humification have b
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