Risk assessment of lead intake via food among residents in the mining areas of Nandan County, China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk assessment of lead intake via food among residents in the mining areas of Nandan County, China Yunxia Zhang . Bo Song . Rui Pang . Lang Zhou
Received: 16 January 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This study studied the dietary structure, lead (Pb) contents and exposure of the diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas of Nandan County in summer (July to August) and winter (November to December). The weighing method and the Chemical Analysis Method were applied to determine the daily intake amount of trace element Pb in the diets of the residents in the mining-affected areas and a contrast area, and subsequently estimated the Pb exposure of the diets of the residents. Based on the Provisionally Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) and Margin of Exposure (MoE), the risk of Pb poisoning driven by the dietary intake of the residents in the study areas was determined. Among the food types, rice and rice products, vegetables, meat and meat products were the major contributing factors. In the mining-affected areas, Pb contents in meat and meat products ranked the top (2.47 lg/g) among the food types. The Pb contents in rice and rice products, vegetables, and meat and meat products in the miningaffected areas were significantly different from those in the contrast area. The average intake amounts of Pb in all kinds of food of the residents in the miningaffected areas (Chehe Town, Dachang Town and Zhanglao Town) were 958.6 lg/d, 1178 lg/d and 813.7 lg/d, respectively. According to the MoE Y. Zhang B. Song (&) R. Pang L. Zhou Colleges of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China e-mail: [email protected]
method, current study confirmed high health risk due to Pb contamination in the diets of the residents in these mining-affected areas. From the dietary contribution rate perspective, meat was the main source of Pb intake of the residents in the mining-affected areas. To reduce the health risk induced by excessive Pb exposure in the dietary intake, local residents should consume more fish and grains instead of meat. Keywords Lead Dietary investigations Exposure evaluation Food safety
Introduction Lead (Pb) is a toxic chemical element which exists in natural environment, also known for bringing serious health consequences on human body (Liberda et al. 2018; Nkomo et al. 2018). It is often released (sometimes as a by-product) through human activities (e.g., geological mineralization, lead/zinc mining automobile exhaust, boiler incineration, paint, etc. (Leblanc et al. 2004) into the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and finally settle on land surface. To put this into perspective, the average lead content in soil ranges 2–200 mg kg-1 worldwide (Martı´nez and Motto 2000). Crops grown on soil contaminated by lead would cause lead entering the food chain and hence the dietary intake of human (Forsyth et al. 2018). Studies have confirmed that excessive Pb
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