Risks of graphene nanomaterial contamination in the soil: evaluation of major ions
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Risks of graphene nanomaterial contamination in the soil: evaluation of major ions A. Baysal
&
H. Saygin & G. S. Ustabasi
Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Soils are facing new environmental contaminants, such as nanomaterials. While these emerging contaminants are increasingly being released into soil, their potential impact on this medium and their effect on soil’s major chemical components (e.g., sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate) have yet to be examined, as well as their relation with microbial toxicity. Herein, column experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior of major ions under 10 and 200 mg/L multiple contaminations of graphene nanomaterials in agricultural and undisturbed soils, as well as the retention of the graphene nanomaterials in the soil and their effect on soil zeta potentials throughout the column. Moreover, to evaluate the impact of the risks of graphene nanomaterial contamination on soil major ions, the present study also examines the bacterial toxicity. The results showed that graphene retention was influenced the soil zeta potentials. Graphene also influenced the concentrations of the major ions in soil and the order of the
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08561-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Baysal (*) : G. S. Ustabasi Health Services Vocational School of Higher Education, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, 34295 Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] H. Saygin Application and Research Center for Advanced Studies, T.C. Istanbul Aydin University, Sefakoy Kucukcekmece, 34295 Istanbul, Turkey
influence degree was sulfate > phosphate > ammonia > nitrate. The changes of the major ions in soil by the exposure of graphene nanomaterials have also affected the response of selected bacteria. Keywords Sulfate . Phosphate . Ammonia . Nitrate . Carbon-based nanomaterials . Column study
Introduction Soil sustains and supports living systems (plant, animal, human etc.), and maintains water and air quality (Karlen et al. 2003; Anjum et al. 2015). Soil chemical composition especially major ions (e.g., sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (H2PO4−), nitrate (NO3−), and ammonia (NH4+)) and carbon content influence the soil microcosms, enzyme activities, soil fertility, and agricultural productivity. Available nitrogen is taken up in the form of NO3− and NH4+. Sulfur and phosphorus are taken up from soil solution as SO42− and H2PO4−, respectively. Changes in these major components within the soil profile and/or between soil horizons due to contaminants cause noticeable differences in soil properties (Chintala et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2015; Yao et al. 2012). Due to their unique and versatile electrical, thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical characteristics, graphene nanomaterials (NMs) are considered to be highly inventive materials (Chung et al. 2015; Ren et al. 2015). Therefore, these
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