Roasted date palm seeds ( Phoenix dactylifera ) as an alternative coffee: chemical composition and bioactive properties
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Roasted date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) as an alternative coffee: chemical composition and bioactive properties Belaid Souda 1 & Rahmani Rami 1 & Bouajila Jalloul 2 & Debouba Mohamed 1 Received: 2 May 2020 / Revised: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Less used date palm fruits, as Bouhattam variety, are being converted into coffee through a roasting thermal process. Therefore, laboratory assays were conducted to investigate chemical and cytotoxic proprieties of this commercial coffee. Mineral content determination showed that roasted seeds of Bouhattam were a source of K+ and Ca2+. Date seed powder was fractionated successively using organic solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, CYHA; dichloromethane, DCM; and methanol, MeOH). While the best yield was recorded for CYHA fraction, the MeOH extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity associated with highest total polyphenol content (TPC) (56.7 mg eq GAE/g dry wt). LC-MS analysis revealed that two major phenolic compounds were identified in methanolic extract: protocatechic acid (67.6 mg/100 g dry wt), which is generally found in tea and quinic acid (39.5 mg/100 g dry wt), known as the main compound of coffee beans. Vitamin E was identified only in the MeOH extract and vitamin K1 was identified in DCM and CYHA ones. GC-MS data showed that the roasted date seed coffee was decaffeinated, and the most volatile compounds were identified as fatty acids in the CYHA extract. All tested organic extracts against MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines displayed lower cytotoxicity. Taken together, obtained results argued that roasted seed powder of Bouhattam variety is an excellent decaffeinated beverage enriched with polyphenols and vitamins concomitant with high antioxidant potential and lower cytotoxicity.
Keywords Phoenix dactylifera . Bouhattam variety . LC-MS . GC-MS . Antioxidant . Bioactivity Abbreviations ACN Acetonitrile CYHA Cyclohexane DCM Dichloromethane DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DPPH 1-1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl dry wt Dry weight
GC-MS HCT-116 LC-MS mAU MeOH MCF-7 NIST RPMI TPC
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Human colon cancer Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Milli absorbance unit Methanol Human breast cancer National Institute of Standards and Technology Roswell Park Memorial Institute Total phenolic content
Belaid Souda and Rahmani Rami contributed equally to this work. * Bouajila Jalloul [email protected]
1 Introduction
* Debouba Mohamed [email protected]
Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera) plays a central socioeconomic role for oasian populations the world over. In fact, date palm is a vital plant for desert regions where it provides a basis for survival to human and animal populations [1]. Phoenix dactylifera is a member of the Arecaceae family, also known as Palmaceae, with date seed weight of about 10–15% of fruit weight [2]. There are currently more than 2000 different varieties
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