Robert Walpole and the Nature of Politics in Early Eighteenth-century Britain
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British History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black PUBLISHED TITLES
J.
C. J. Bartlett British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century Black Robert Walpole and the Nature of Politics in early Eighteenth-Century Britain D. G. Boyce The Irish Question and British Politics, 1868-1986 John Derry British Politics in the Age of Fox, Pitt and Liverpool Ronald Hutton The British Republic 1649-1660 Diamaid MacCulloch Religion and Sociery in England 1547-1603 A. J. Pollard The Wars of the Roses Robert Stewart Parry and Politics, 1830-1852 FORTHCOMING TITLES
John Davis British Politics 1885-1931 Ann Hughes Causes of the English Civil War Keith Perry British Politics and the American Revolution Michael Prestwich English Politics in the Thirteenth Century
ROBERT WALPOLE AND THE NATURE OF POLITICS IN EARLY EIGHTEENTHCENTURY BRITAIN
JEREMY BLACK
Macmillan Education
©Jeremy Black 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. iOOiO First published in the United States of America in 1990 ISBN 978-0-312-04243-1 ISBN 978-0-333-45575-3 ISBN 978-1-349-21119-7 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-349-21119-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Black, Jeremy Robert Walpole and politics in early eighteenth-century Britain Jeremy Black. p. cm.-(British history in perspectives) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-312-04243-1 I. Great Britain-Politics and government-I 760--1789. 2. Great Britain-Politics and government-I 727-1 760. 3. Great Britain-Social conditions-18th century. 4. Walpole, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 1676--1745. 5. Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 1708--1778. I. Title. II. Series. DA480.B58 1990 941.07'3-dc20 89-70081 CIP
CONTENTS
Note on Dates
VI
Preface
1
Vll
Introduction
1
Walpole's Rise
4
2 Stability, Patronage and Parliament
23
3
The Crown and the Political Nation
56
4
Party and Politics under the First Two Georges
89 106
5 The British Dimension Conclusion
120
References
123
A Note on Sources
139
Select Bibliography
141
Index
148
V
NOTE ON DATES
Unless otherwise stated all dates are given in old style, the British calendar of the period. Most European countries conformed to new style, which was eleven days ahead. New style dates are marked (ns).
VI
PREFACE
There is not an evening, that there is not some paper cried about the street, good or bad of Robert hatch, Robert hangman, Robert the Coachman etc. or something of this kind, which shows what a spirit he has to fend himself against. (Dowager Countess of Portland, 1730') The most puzzling aspect of Sir Robert Walpole's political life is the extraordinary longevity of his ministry. Walpole was the leading minister of the Crown from 1721 until 1742 without a break. This contrasted with the periods before and after, which were characterised by ministerial instability. The longevity of Walpole's ministry is inextricably involved with the question of the stabilit
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