Role of ACE2 receptor and the landscape of treatment options from convalescent plasma therapy to the drug repurposing in
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Role of ACE2 receptor and the landscape of treatment options from convalescent plasma therapy to the drug repurposing in COVID‑19 Pravindra Kumar1 · Ashok Kumar Sah2 · Greesham Tripathi3 · Anjali Kashyap4 · Avantika Tripathi3 · Rashmi Rao1 · Prabhu C. Mishra3 · Koustav Mallick5 · Amjad Husain6,7 · Manoj Kumar Kashyap3 Received: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Since the first case reports in Wuhan, China, the SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic and took lives of > 8,35,000 people globally. This single-stranded RNA virus uses Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for entry into the host cell. Overexpression of ACE2 is mainly observed in hypertensive, diabetic and heart patients that make them prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mitigations strategies were opted globally by the governments to minimize transmission of SARSCoV-2 via the implementation of social distancing norms, wearing the facemasks, and spreading awareness using digital platforms. The lack of an approved drug treatment regimen, and non-availability of a vaccine, collectively posed a challenge for mankind to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this scenario, repurposing of existing drugs and old treatment options like convalescent plasma therapy can be one of the potential alternatives to treat the disease. The drug repurposing provides a selection of drugs based on the scientific rationale and with a shorter cycle of clinical trials, while plasma isolated from COVID-19 recovered patients can be a good source of neutralizing antibody to provide passive immunity. In this review, we provide in-depth analysis on these two approaches currently opted all around the world to treat COVID-19 patients. For this, we used “Boolean Operators” such as AND, OR & NOT to search relevant research articles/reviews from the PUBMED for the repurposed drugs and the convalescent plasma in the COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs like Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine, Tenofovir, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Darunavir, Oseltamivir, Arbidol (Umifenovir), Favipiravir, Anakinra, and Baricitinib are already being used in clinical trials to treat the COVID-19 patients. These drugs have been approved for a different indication and belong to a diverse category such as anti-malarial/anti-parasitic, anti-retroviral/ anti-viral, anti-cancer, or against rheumatoid arthritis. Although, the vaccine would be an ideal option for providing active immunity against the SARS-CoV-2, but considering the current situation, drug repurposing and convalescent plasma therapy and repurposed drugs are the most viable option against SARS-CoV-2. Keywords Cytokine storm syndrome · ARDS · Rheumatoid arthritis · Herd immunity · Vertical transmission · Vaccine nationalism
COVID‑19 and SARS‑CoV‑2 virus
Pravindra Kumar, Ashok Kumar Sah, Greesham Tripathi and Avantika Tripathi have contributed equally in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.
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