Role of Extremophiles and Extremophilic Proteins in Industrial Waste Treatment
Majority of the industrial products are made in variety of extreme environments. These industrial processes generate by-products that are difficult to degrade, harmful for environment, and toxic to animals and humans. These industrial by-products are pres
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Abstract
Majority of the industrial products are made in variety of extreme environments. These industrial processes generate by-products that are difficult to degrade, harmful for environment, and toxic to animals and humans. These industrial by-products are present in extreme conditions such as high salt and high or low temperature. It is an unfavorable condition for most of the waste-degrading enzymes as they work at ambient condition. The harmful industrial by-products, therefore, needed to shift at ambient condition for their degradation. Extremophiles grow at extreme conditions, and so their enzymes too work optimally under these extreme conditions. Extremophiles have enormous potential in biotechnological industry and waste remediation/management. Some halophilic microorganisms have great efficiency to remove petroleum, heavy metals, and dyes from the water polluted by industries. The chapter details the protein
Sharmistha Tapadar, Deeksha Tripathi, and Saurabh Pandey contributed equally to this work. S. Tapadar · K. Goswami · A. Bhattacharjee · K. Das · E. Palwan · A. Kumar (*) Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India e-mail: [email protected] D. Tripathi Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India S. Pandey Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India M. Rani Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 M. P. Shah (ed.), Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5901-3_11
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adaptations in different extremophiles for their survival and uses of different extremophilic organisms/proteins in bioremediation. Keywords
Extremophiles · Protein adaptations · Extremophilic proteins · Industrial waste treatment
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Extremophiles
Extremophiles thrive in intolerably hostile or even lethal environments. These extreme conditions are extreme hot niches, arctic frost, and salty lakes. Some extremophiles can grow in presence of toxic waste and organic and heavy metal contaminants that are lethal to other organisms. Extremophiles are found in hydrothermal vents, in deep sea, as well as in the volcano. They are the Earth’s most prolific group of organisms yet less studied. Extremophiles have members of all the three domains of life, bacteria, eukarya, and archaea. However, the members of the group archaea are least versatile; archaea are the major group that can survive in extreme environmental conditions. Among the bacteria, cyanobacteria are best adapted in extreme environments. Fungi are the most versatile among the eukaryotes. Example of most impressive eukaryotic polyextremophiles is the Tardigrade, a microscopic invertebrate. Tardigrades can survive in temperature of about 272 C to 151 C, pressure of about 6000 atmospheric pressure, extre
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