Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities Mohammad Sanad Abu‑Darwish1,2 · Célia Cabral3,4,5 · Zulfigar Ali2 · Mei Wang2 · Shabana I. Khan2 · Melissa R. Jacob2 · Surendra K. Jain2 · Babu L. Tekwani2 · Fazila Zulfiqar2 · Ikhlas A. Khan2 · Hatem Taifour6 · Lígia Salgueiro7 · Thomas Efferth8 Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it’s predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with I C50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development. Keywords Lamiaceae · Essential oil · Chemical composition · Cytotoxicity · Anti-inflammatory activity · Neglected diseases
1 Introduction Salvia ceratophylla L. (Arabic: Lusan Al-haea, English: horn-leaved sage) is a biennial lemon-scented herb and one of the 19 indigenous Salvia species native in Jordan [1]. This species grows in diverse Jordanian geographic areas, * Célia Cabral [email protected] 1
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al‑Salt 19117, Jordan
2
National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
3
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000‑548 Coimbra, Portugal
4
Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000‑548 Coimbra, Portugal
such as Mafraq, Ajlun, Ma’an, Tafila and Dana [1] and Wadi Musa [2]. It is also found in several Asian-temperate regions, including Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Middle Asia (Turkmenistan), and Near East (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Israel, and Turkey) [3, 4].
5
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Univer
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