Sanitization During and After COVID-19 Pandemic: A Short Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Sanitization During and After COVID‑19 Pandemic: A Short Review Majid Hassan Khan1 · Harekrishna Yadav2 Received: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 © Indian National Academy of Engineering 2020
Abstract Sanitization is a preventive and strategic method to contain the spread of SARS-CoV2. Since there is no foolproof method to tackle the present COVID-19 pandemic, sanitization has a central role to play. The present article briefly reviews various methods of sanitization for individuals, surfaces and ambience. The article reviews different approaches toward sanitization and examines the historicity of the methods employed. Keywords Sanitization · COVID-19 · Fomites · Mask sanitizaton · Hand sanitization · Surface treatment
Introduction On 11 February 2020, WHO announced the name of the new disease from the virus of Coronaviridae family in the Nidovirales order known as the “COVID-19”. The virus is named corona (Latin name crown) due to the presence of the crown-like structure on its outer surface (Shereen et al. 2020). The symptoms of COVID-19 may include fever, coughing, shortness of breath, sure throat, runny nose, etc. Chamola et al. (2020) list the common symptoms. There are three different routes of the transmission of COVID19 viruses from the contagious person to a healthy person. These are the direct route, indirect contact, and airborne transmission (Fig. 1). Figure 1 lists the route of transmission and possible sanitization employed.The direct mode transmission implies the transfers of virus between infected and susceptible hosts via person-to-person contact. While the indirect mode of transmission indicates the transmission of the virus from the objects used by the infected person or the immediate environment of the infected individual (WHO 2020a; Ong et al. 2020). The airborne transmission of the
* Majid Hassan Khan [email protected] Harekrishna Yadav [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol 453552, India
2
virus occurs through the droplet spray formed during natural human exhalation flows (Asadi et al. 2020). Ordinary breathing and speech generate a large amount of potentially infectious aerosols (Asadi et al. 2020; Duguid 1946; Papineni and Rosenthal 1997). The particle generated during human exhalation flows such as coughing, sneezing, and breathing are two-phase buoyant jet emerging from the mouth and/or nose (Mittal et al. 2020; Tang et al. 2013). Asadi et al. (2019) reported that the rate of particle emission during normal human speech is up to 50 particles/s. Further, the velocity, number, and size distribution of the infectious droplet play an important role in virus transmission. The number of particles and their velocity is a function of the different modes of breathing, speech loudness, sneezing, and coughing (Mittal et al. 2020; Asadi et al. 2019). Natural human breathing and talking produce
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