SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome
- PDF / 1,473,560 Bytes
- 15 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 26 Downloads / 184 Views
Open Access
REVIEW
SARS coronavirus 2: from genome to infectome Meghana Rastogi , Neha Pandey , Astha Shukla and Sunit K. Singh*
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the group of Betacoronaviruses. The SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV-1 and probably originated either from bats or pangolins. SARS-CoV-2 is an etiological agent of COVID-19, causing mild to severe respiratory disease which escalates to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or multi-organ failure. The virus was first reported from the animal market in Hunan, Hubei province of China in the month of December, 2019, and was rapidly transmitted from animal to human and humanto-human. The human-to-human transmission can occur directly or via droplets generated during coughing and sneezing. Globally, around 53.9 million cases of COVID-19 have been registered with 1.31 million confirmed deaths. The people > 60 years, persons suffering from comorbid conditions and immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. The virus primarily targets the upper and the lower respiratory tract and quickly disseminates to other organs. SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates immune signaling pathways which generate cytokine storm and leads to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and other multisystemic disorders. Keywords: Coronaviruses, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Spike glycoprotein, ACE2 receptors, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) were first isolated from humans in 1962 [1]. The CoVs were thought to cause only mild respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in human and animals [2]. The outbreaks of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) in 2002–2003 in Guangdong province, China [3] and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the Middle Eastern countries, particularly Saudi Arabia in 2012 [4], changed the prevailing concept on coronavirus infections. Both the viruses originated in bats and their chain of transmission established between animal to human and human to human [5, 6]. A similar outbreak of pneumonia like respiratory infections, reported from the Wuhan city, Hubei province, China in late December
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
2019 made a new addition to the list of human CoVs. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has named the novel Coronavirus as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease caused by this virus has been officially named as COVID-19 by WHO [7]. The COVID-19 has been regarded as Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020 by WHO [8]. SARS-CoV-2 shares 96% genome similarity with a bat Coronavirus [9–11]. The primary targets are the type-II alveolar epithelial cells and airway-epithelial cells, which highly express the Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor o
Data Loading...
