Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality Vulnerable Zones of Yellareddygudem Watershed, Nalgonda District,
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Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality Vulnerable Zones of Yellareddygudem Watershed, Nalgonda District, Telangana State, India N. Subba Rao1 · A. Dinakar1 · B. Karuna Kumari2 · D. Karunanidhi3 · T. Kamalesh1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Evaluation of seasonal and spatial variations in vulnerable zones for poor groundwater quality is essential for the protection of human health and to maintain the crop yields. With this objective, groundwater samples were collected seasonally (i.e., pre- and post-monsoon) from the Yellareddygudem watershed of Telangana, India. These samples were analysed for major − −). Geographical information system chemical parameters (pH, TDS, C a2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO−3 , Cl−, SO2− 4 , NO3 , and F (GIS) tools were used to delineate the seasonal and spatial variations for vulnerable zones related to the drinking groundwater quality index (DGQI) and irrigation groundwater quality index (IGQI). Geochemical facies and relations, Piper diagrams, and principal component analysis indicated that the weathering, dissolution, leaching, ion exchange, and evaporation were the primary processes controlling the groundwater quality seasonally. Human influences were the secondary factors. The TDS, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO2− − parameters were observed to be within the drinking water quality standard limits in most 4 , and F post-monsoon groundwater samples. However, the DGQI showed an increase in the number of samples with unsuitable quality for drinking in the post-monsoon period compared with the pre-monsoon period. The IGQI demonstrated that the number of samples with unsuitable quality for irrigation increased in the post-monsoon period compared to the pre-monsoon period. The differences in the vulnerable zones between the pre- and post-monsoon periods were due to variations in groundwater recharge, following the topography. Thus, the present study will help decision makers to plan groundwater treatment measures within vulnerable zones. For development of economy and improvement of human health, the groundwater resources play a significant role (Zhou et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017). Generally, the groundwater is not easily contaminated compared with the surface water. However, once the groundwater is polluted, it is very difficult to remediate the contaminated resource (Li et al. 2019a, 2019b; Lu et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020). Because of the continuous groundwater exploitation and anthropogenic activates, geoenvironmental issues can occur (Subba Rao
* N. Subba Rao [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India
2
Anuhya Architects, Sreeramnagar Colony, Hyderabad 500 050, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakhti Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641 062, India
et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2020a; Zhang et al. 2018; He and Wu 2019a, 2019b; Wu et al. 2019; Su et al. 2020; Subba Rao 2020). Ther
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