Secondary metabolites from the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex: structure, ecology, and evolution
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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - REVIEW
Secondary metabolites from the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex: structure, ecology, and evolution Jennifer R. Klaus1 · Pauline M. L. Coulon2 · Pratik Koirala1 · Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost3 · Eric Déziel2 · Josephine R. Chandler1 Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020
Abstract Bacterial secondary metabolites play important roles in promoting survival, though few have been carefully studied in their natural context. Numerous gene clusters code for secondary metabolites in the genomes of members of the Bptm group, made up of three closely related species with distinctly different lifestyles: the opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, the non-pathogenic saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis, and the host-adapted pathogen Burkholderia mallei. Several biosynthetic gene clusters are conserved across two or all three species, and this provides an opportunity to understand how the corresponding secondary metabolites contribute to survival in different contexts in nature. In this review, we discuss three secondary metabolites from the Bptm group: bactobolin, malleilactone (and malleicyprol), and the 4-hydroxy-3-methyl2-alkylquinolines, providing an overview of each of their biosynthetic pathways and insight into their potential ecological roles. Results of studies on these secondary metabolites provide a window into how secondary metabolites contribute to bacterial survival in different environments, from host infections to polymicrobial soil communities. Keywords Burkholderia · Secondary metabolite · Antibiotic
Introduction The Bptm group is comprised of three closely related species in the Burkholderia genus: Burkholderia pseudomallei, an opportunistic pathogen that causes the disease melioidosis; Burkholderia thailandensis, a non-pathogenic saprophyte; and Burkholderia mallei, a host-restricted animal pathogen. These three species have distinctly different lifestyles despite their close sequence relatedness, providing a unique opportunity to address questions regarding adaptations that have evolved to benefit bacteria in different environments. Of particular interest, there are many gene clusters coding for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in these three * Josephine R. Chandler [email protected] 1
Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
2
Centre Armand‑Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
3
Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
species. In all, at least 24 unique biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified (summarized in [7, 43]). The products of 12 of those gene clusters have been characterized [31, 51, 71]. While 18 are unique to just one or two members of the Bptm group, five are conserved across all three species (Table 1). The Bptm group is a useful set of model bacterial species with w
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