Self-Organized Criticality in Astrophysics The Statistics of Nonline
The concept of ‘self-organized criticality’ (SOC) has been applied to a variety of problems, ranging from population growth and traffic jams to earthquakes, landslides and forest fires. The technique is now being applied to a wide range of phenomena in as
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Markus J Aschwanden
Self-Organized Criticality in Astrophysics The Statistics of Nonlinear Processes in the Universe
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Professor Dr Markus Aschwanden Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory Palo Alto California USA Cover images courtesy of NASA (detailed image credits are given under Figures 1.4a, 1.12b, 1.16, and 8.22 in Appendix on Image Credit: Public Websites).
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ASTRONOMY AND PLANETARY SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITORS: Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., F.I.O.A., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, UK; John Mason, M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.
ISBN 978-3-642-15000-5 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15001-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15001-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci®cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro®lm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: Mike Shardlow Author-generated LaTex, processed by EDV-Beratung Herweg , Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Carol J. Kersten
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII 1.
Self-Organized Criticality Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 The Concept of Self-Organized Criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 SOC Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 SOC in Human Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 SOC in Biophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 SOC in Geophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 SOC in Magnetospheric Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 SOC in Planetary Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 SOC in Solar Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
