Fine-scale infestation pattern of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a mango orchard in Central Mozambique
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Fine-scale infestation pattern of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a mango orchard in Central Mozambique Luis Bota 1 & Braine Fabião 1 & Marc De Meyer 2 & Lourenço Manuel 3 & Maulid Mwatawala 4 & Massimiliano Virgilio 2 & Laura Canhanga 3 & Domingos Cugala 3 Received: 25 October 2019 / Accepted: 16 April 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract The production of mango in Mozambique is under threat due to fruit fly infestation, and most of the farmers cannot afford the cost of control. Spatio-temporal dynamic of Bactrocera dorsalis was assessed at farm level in Manica Province to provide information for better calibration of pest management strategies and thereby minimize the use of pesticides and other costs associated to pest control. 64 Chempac Bucket traps baited with torula yeast were monitored weekly at a 10 ha mango orchard. From the species captured on the traps only B. dorsalis were considered for the study due to its importance on mango. A universal spatio-temporal kriging model was fitted to investigate the spatio-temporal pattern of the fly. Results of the analysis showed high spatial heterogeneity of the fly over time, with the occurrence spreading from the margins of the mango orchard and infesting the whole orchard during the period of peak of abundances reaching densities of more than 500 fly per trap per week. These results shows that the flies that infest this particular orchard may come from the marginal area, especially from local varieties which get matured earlier. The findings of this study provides information to be taken into consideration by farmers about when and where apply the control measures. Keywords Spatio-temporal . B. dorsalis . Kriging interpolation . Hotspot . Mango orchard
Introduction Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is considered an important crop in sub-Saharan Africa as a source of income for both rural population and commercial farmers contributing to the reduction of poverty, as well as providing nutritional supplements (Vayssières et al. 2008). In Mozambique, mango is the fruit commodity with highest production after banana, largely by small scale farmers (FAOSTAT 2015). The occurrence of * Luis Bota [email protected] 1
National Fruit Fly Laboratory, Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Food Security, Po Box 42, Chimoio, Manica Province, Mozambique
2
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Invertebrates Section & JEMU, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
3
Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Moçambique
4
Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
fruit flies including Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel is the most important factor hampering the production of the crop in Africa in general and Mozambique in particular (Ekesi et al. 2009; Mwatawala et al. 2006; Cugala 2011). Yield losses due to fruit fly infestation are reported to be more than 40% without control (Ekesi et al. 2016). Some of the control me
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