Shifts in the bacterial community along with root-associated compartments of maize as affected by goethite
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Shifts in the bacterial community along with root-associated compartments of maize as affected by goethite Peduruhewa H Jeewani 1,2 & Lin Chen 3 & Lukas Van Zwieten 4 & Congcong Shen 5 & Georg Guggenberger 6 & Yu Luo 1 & Jianming Xu 1 Received: 16 December 2019 / Revised: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Root-associated compartments, including rhizosphere soil, rhizoplane soil, and the endosphere, are found to harbor distinguished bacterial populations and community composition, but how microbiome in these rhizo-compartments are affected by edaphic variables remains largely unknown. Goethite is a prevalent crystalline iron (hydr)oxide mineral of the soil matrix and strongly interact with microbial communities. The objective of our study was to determine how goethite (α-FeOOH) amendment assemble bacterial communities in the rhizo-compartments of Maize (Zea mays. L). Using sequencing of microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons, we revealed that goethite amendment into soil enriched Actinobacteria and depleted Proteobacteria in all rhizo-compartments. Also, goethite enlarged the differences in the alpha diversity (Chao) between rhizo-compartments, with much lower mean diversity in the endosphere and rhizoplane compared with rhizosphere soil, indicating a higher selection of the microbiome assemblage. This was supported by beta Nearest Taxon Index (βNTI > + 2), indicating that changes in environmental conditions progressively increase the strength of selection. It suggests that variable selection (a deterministic process) was the dominant process influencing the microbial assembly in soil amended with goethite. According to the distancebased linear modeling (distLM), the assemblage of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere compartments was regulated by specific edaphic variables, with the major contributors being goethite (62%), total C (52%), soil pH (50%), and FeOM (25%). Stabilization of rhizosphere C in the presence of goethite would be the selective step for its accessibility and consequent microbial community. For instance, the keystone microorganisms, e.g., Pseudomonas, had more negative links within the goethite added co-occurrence network, indicating its mutual exclusions and outcompete other microbes in C/nutrients limited conditions. Thus, goethite narrows the composition of rhizosphere mainly due to “gate selection” effects on rhizodeposits, which limited microbial penetrance into inner-compartments, consequently assemble the rhizosphere bacterial community via deterministic process. Keywords Rhizo-compartments . Gene sequencing . Microbial assembly processes . Niche selection . Chao diversity . Goethite
Peduruhewa H Jeewani and Lin Chen contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-020-01458-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yu Luo [email protected] 1
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