Short-term effect of extreme air temperature on hospital emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases from 2009 to
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Short-term effect of extreme air temperature on hospital emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases from 2009 to 2012 in Beijing, China Yuxia Ma 1 & Haoran Jiao 1 & Yifan Zhang 1 & Fengliu Feng 1 & Bowen Cheng 1 & Bingji Ma 1 & Zhiang Yu 1 Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Extreme air temperature directly affected human health. However, the short-term effect of extreme air temperature on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases has rarely been reported in China. In this study, we focused on Beijing, China, and assessed the effects of cold/warm days and nights on the number of hospital emergency room (ER) visits for cardiovascular diseases from 2009 to 2012. We used a generalized additive model (GAM) to estimate the association between extreme air temperature and the number of hospital ER visits for cardiovascular diseases. We divided the entire study group into two gender subgroups and three age subgroups. The results showed that the short-term effect of extreme air temperature on hospital ER visits for cardiovascular diseases was more profound in females and the elderly (aged ≥ 75 years). Among all the study subgroups, the highest relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular diseases associated with extremely cold days, warm days, cold nights, and warm nights was 3.0% (95% CI, 1.6%–4.4%), 0.8% (95% CI, − 0.9%–2.6%), 2.8% (95% CI, 1.6%–4.2%), and 1.8% (95% CI, 0.6%–4.3%), respectively. Overall, the effect of extremely low air temperature (during both days and nights) on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases was stronger and more acute than that of extremely high air temperature. Keywords Extreme air temperature . Cardiovascular diseases . Generalized additive model
Introduction Against the background of climate change, studies have reported that temperature-based indices are risk factors for the incidence of human diseases (Lim et al. 2012). As the global surface temperature rises, extreme weather events have become more frequent and intense (IPCC. 2013). These changes pose a serious challenge to the environment and public health. Previous epidemiological studies have reported significant correlations between air temperatures and mortalities (Kovats and Hajat 2008). In particular, extreme air Yuxia Ma and Haoran Jiao, contributed equally to the work either as cofirst authors or as corresponding authors. Responsible editor: Lotfi Aleya * Yuxia Ma [email protected] 1
College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Semi-Arid Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
temperatures during cold/warm days/nights have been studied (Vincent et al. 2005; Donat et al. 2013). Previous studies reported that the exposure-response curves between air temperatures and mortality rates were usually U-, J-, or V-shaped, which indicated an increase in the risk of death as extreme temperature events intensified (Gasparrini et al. 2010; McMichael et al. 2008). Extreme heat and extreme
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