Signaling C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antifungal Immunity
We are all exposed to fungal organisms daily, and although many of these organisms are not harmful, billions of people a year contract a fungal infection. Most of these infections are not fatal and can be cleared by the host immune response. However, due
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Introduction.......................................................................................................................... The Big 4 Fungal Pathogens of Humans ........................................................................... Fungal Cell Wall Structure ................................................................................................. Fungal Recognition Systems ............................................................................................... C-Type Lectin Receptors..................................................................................................... 5.1 Signaling Pathways..................................................................................................... 5.2 Signaling C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antifungal Immunity ................................... 6 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... References ..................................................................................................................................
Abstract We are all exposed to fungal organisms daily, and although many of these organisms are not harmful, billions of people a year contract a fungal infection. Most of these infections are not fatal and can be cleared by the host immune response. However, due to an increase in high-risk populations, the global fungal burden has increased, with more than 1.5 million deaths per year caused by invasive fungal infections. The fungal cell wall is an important surface for interacting with the host immune system as it contains pathogen-associated molecular M. A. Höft J. C. Hoving AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at the University of Cape Town, Werner & Beit South Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa e-mail: [email protected] J. C. Hoving e-mail: [email protected] G. D. Brown (&) Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK e-mail: [email protected] Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2020_224 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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patterns (PAMPs) which are detected as being foreign by the host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors are a group of PRRs that play a central role in the protection against invasive fungal infections. Following the recognition of fungal PAMPs, CLRs trigger various innate and adaptive immune responses. In this chapter, we specifically focus on C-type lectin receptors capable of activating downstream signaling pathways, resulting in protective antifungal immune responses. The current roles that these signaling CLRs play in protection against four of the most prevalent fungal infections affecting humans are reviewed. These include Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neo
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