Socioeconomics of Obesity
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ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY (M ROSENBAUM, SECTION EDITOR)
Socioeconomics of Obesity Chika Vera Anekwe 1,2 & Amber R. Jarrell 3 & Matthew J. Townsend 2 & Gabriela I. Gaudier 4 & Julia M. Hiserodt 2 & Fatima Cody Stanford 2,5,6
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to evaluate and emphasize important findings in the recent literature regarding the socioeconomics of obesity. It is important to evaluate trends of this global epidemic and elucidate its impact on different demographic groups and across socioeconomic strata. Recent Findings Obesity rates continue to increase domestically and globally which is associated with a concomitant rise in medical and economic costs. There are disparities in obesity rates based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender and sexual identity, and socioeconomic status, yet these disparities are not explained fully by health behaviors, socioeconomic position, or cumulative stress alone—community and societal environmental factors have a significant role in the obesity epidemic. Summary Socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity on an individual and community level, and any viable approach to sustainably addressing the obesity epidemic must take these factors into account. Keywords Obesity . Socioeconomic status . Body mass index . Race . Gender . Minority
Introduction Obesity is a chronic disease with significant medical, social, and economic consequences both domestically and globally. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Etiology of Obesity I affirm that none of the material in this manuscript is included in another manuscript, has been published previously, or is currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. * Chika Vera Anekwe [email protected] 1
MGH Weight Center, Department of Medicine- Division of Endocrinology-Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
2
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
3
Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
4
Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
5
MGH Weight Center, Department of Medicine- Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
6
Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Obesity is determined by an individual’s body mass index (BMI), defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. For adults, the overweight BMI range is 25 kg/m2 to less than 30 kg/m2, and the obesity BMI range is 30 kg/m2 and higher [1]. The prevalence of obesity in the USA is high and continues to increase [2]. In 2011–2012, 16.9% of children and 34.9% of adults were affected by obesity [3]; in 2015–2016, prevalence rose to18.5% in children and in 2017– 2018, prevalence reached 42.4% in adults [4]. Predictive modeling suggests the prevalence of obesity in US adults will be 48.9% by the year 2030 [5]. This epidemic has the greatest prevalence among socially disadvantaged grou
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