Soft Actuators based on Polypyrrole and Polyaniline Composite Films
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Soft Actuators based on Polypyrrole and Polyaniline Composite Films Keiichi Kaneto and Wataru Takashima Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0196, JAPAN ABSTRACT Elongation and contraction viz., electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD) induced by electrochemical oxidation and reduction of polypyrrole and poly(3-methoxyaniline-5sulfonate) (PMAS) composite films were studied. The composite films were electrochemically prepared in electrolyte solutions of pyrrole and dodecylbenzene sulfonic (DBS) acid in the presence of PMAS acid. The concentrations of DBS and PMAS were varied. Films obtained at higher concentrations of PMAS were gel-like due to high water content. The change in film length due to ECMD was measured as functions of various electrolytes in either aqueous or organic solvents. The results indicated that these films exhibited both cathodic and anodic expansions depending on the bulkiness of cations and anions as well as the content of PMAS. 1. Introduction Typical conducting polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAn), as shown in Fig. 1, were examined as soft actuators. Upon oxidation of these conducting polymers, not only does the electrical conductivity increase to a level similar to metals, but the volume changes as well. If the magnitudes of the strain and stress are larger and if the response time is shorter than those of natural muscles, then the electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD) can be utilized for artificial muscles or soft actuators. HN
NH
H N N H
Polypyrrole
X
N H
NH
NH
Polyaniline
Fig.1 Conducting polymers examined as soft actuators Among various materials for soft actuators, conducting polymers are the most promising materials from the view point of having a low operating voltage and large strain and stress, although the response time and cycle life are insufficient for practical use [1-4]. The strain, stress and response time of polypyrrole films, 39%, 22MPa and 5 s, respectively, are comparable to natural muscles, 30%, 0.4MPa and 0.1 s, respectively, [5]. An effort has been made to search new materials to improve the strain, response time and cycle life for better performance. In this paper, ECMD behaviors of polypyrrole and polyaniline composite films prepared by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of the anionic conducting polymer, poly(3-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonate) (PMAS) acid will be reported. These results follow our previous papers [6]. The ECMD of the films in aqueous and organic solutions with various electrolytes will be discussed in terms of cation and anion driven strains.
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2. Electrochemomechanical deformation of conducting polymers The volume change caused by the insertion of dopants and the change in conformation due to the delocalization of a π-electron is called an electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD)[1]. The schematic drawing of the volume change due to oxidation and reduction is shown in Fig2. The ECM
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