Solar Desalination for the 21st Century A Review of Modern Technolog
st The solar desalination workshop for the 21 century was sponsored by NATO program Security Through Science. In a great number of countries water scarcity, coupled with a significant growth in population especially in developing countries, poses the seri
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Solar Desalination for the 21 Century
NATO Security through Science Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme for Security through Science (STS). Meetings supported by the NATO STS Programme are in security-related priority areas of Defence Against Terrorism or Countering Other Threats to Security. The types of meeting supported are generally ’’Advanced Study Institutes’’ and ’’Advanced Research Workshops’’. The NATO STS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s ’’Partner’’ or ’’Mediterranean Dialogue’’ countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2004 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology B. Physics and Biophysics C. Environmental Security D. Information and Communication Security E. Human and Societal Dynamics http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl
Series C: Environmental Security
Springer Springer Springer IOS Press IOS Press
Solar Desalination st for the 21 Century A Review of Modern Technologies and Researches on Desalination Coupled to Renewable Energies
edited by
Lucio Rizzuti Università di Palermo, Italy
Hisham M. Ettouney University of Giza, Egypt and
Andrea Cipollina Università di Palermo, Italy
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Solar Desalination for the 21 st Century Hammamet, Tunisia 23--25 February 2006 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-5507-2 (PB) 978-1-4020-5507-2 (PB) 1-4020-5506-4 (HB) 978-1-4020-5506-5 (HB) 1-4020-5508-0 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5508-9 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permi