Solar radiation effects on growth, anatomy, and physiology of apple trees in a temperate climate of Brazil
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Solar radiation effects on growth, anatomy, and physiology of apple trees in a temperate climate of Brazil L. C. Bosco 1
&
H. Bergamaschi 2 & G. A. B. Marodin 3
Received: 12 February 2020 / Revised: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 August 2020 # ISB 2020
Abstract The aim of study was to characterize patterns of interception and distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in an apple orchard and to examine its relationship with morphophysiological characteristics of “Royal Gala” and “Fuji Suprema” apple trees. The experiments were conducted during three production cycles in two distinct orchard areas, one covered by black anti-hail netting and another uncovered (control). We analyzed PAR characteristics with data from meteorological sensors installed on the canopy, as well as growth, anatomical, and physiological variables of apple trees. The reduction of PAR by netting influenced the components of radiation balance. PAR intercepted, absorbed, transmitted, and reflected by the canopy under netting decreased by 33%, 31%, 32%, and 46%, respectively, in comparison to uncovered canopy. When leaf area index (LAI) was 1.5 (under netting) and 2.5 (uncovered), maximum PAR interception efficiency was reached. During the three production cycles, a light extinction coefficient of 1.09 and 0.76 was found under netting and in the control, respectively. Plant height was greater under netting in all three cycles for both cultivars. Number of leaves, LAI, and shape index did not differ between treatments. At stage 85, leaves of “Royal Gala” under netting showed lower chlorophyll content and thinner parenchymas in comparison to the control. However, physiological and anatomical characteristics of Fuji “Suprema” did not change under anti-hail netting. Keywords Malus domestica Borkh . Light extinction coefficient . Photosynthetic rate . Anti-hail netting
Introduction Solar radiation is an abiotic factor that triggers several ecophysiological processes in nature. The spectrum of solar radiation used by plants includes incident photosynthetically active radiation, which is intercepted, absorbed, and used in physiological events such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration. Photosynthetic rate is influenced by leaf
* L. C. Bosco [email protected] 1
Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forest, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rodovia Ulysses Gaboardi, Km 3, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina 89520-000, Brazil
2
Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
3
Department of Horticulture and Silviculture, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
morphological and anatomical characteristics, chlorophyll and N content in the plant, genetic makeup of the cultivars (Solomakhin and Blanke 2008; Hunche et al. 2010; Bhusal et al. 2018), plant architecture (Da Silva et al. 2014), and microclimate (Amarante et al. 2007; A
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