South African bovine ephemeral fever virus glycoprotein sequences are phylogenetically distinct from those from the rest
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South African bovine ephemeral fever virus glycoprotein sequences are phylogenetically distinct from those from the rest of the world Ruzaiq Omar1 · Antoinette Van Schalkwyk2 · Olivia Carulei1 · Livio Heath2 · Nicola Douglass1 · Anna‑Lise Williamson1,3 Received: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 31 January 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an economically important arbovirus affecting cattle and water buffalo. Currently, isolates can be separated into three phylogenetic groups, differentiated by the place of isolation, namely, East Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. BEFV surface glycoprotein (G) genes from 14 South African field strains collected between 1968 and 1999 were sequenced and compared to 154 published sequences. The BEFV isolates from South Africa were found to be phylogenetically distinct from those from other parts of the world. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Ephemerovirus and species Bovine fever ephemerovirus. It is a bullet shaped, enveloped virus with a 14.9-kb single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome [1]. The surface glycoprotein (G) gene is the most extensively sequenced gene of BEFV isolates, and the G protein has been shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies [2, 3]. We
Handling Editor: William G Dundon. The nucleotide sequence data reported here are available under accession numbers MN026880, MN026881, MN026884, MN026885, MN026886, MN026887, MN026890, MN026891, MN026892, MN026893, MN026894, MN026895, MN026896, MN026897 and MN026899. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04568-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nicola Douglass [email protected] 1
Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
2
Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
3
Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
have selected this gene for a phylogenetic analysis in order to rationally design a vaccine for South Africa. The earliest records of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) outbreaks are from sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is presently enzootic [4]. Although the first documentation of BEF dates to 1906 in Zimbabwe, it is thought to have been present there as early as the 1880s. It is postulated that the disease spread southward to South Africa, where it was recorded in 1907, and northward to Kenya and Egypt, where it was first recorded in 1913 and 1909, respectively [4–6]. BEF disease was first reported in Pakistan and Indonesia in 1919, India in 1924, China in 1934, and the Philippines and Australia in 1936 [4, 7–9]. It was during the latter part of the Asian outbreaks that the disease was observed in the M
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