Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium
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© Springer-Verlag 1996
O R I G I N A L PA P E R
Frank Caccavo, Jr. · John D. Coates · Ramon A. Rossello-Mora · Wolfgang Ludwig · Karl Heinz Schleifer · Derek R. Lovley · Michael J. McInerney
Geovibrio ferrireducens, a phylogenetically distinct dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Received: 26 September 1995 / Accepted: 28 February 1996
Abstract A new, phylogenetically distinct, dissimilatory, Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from surface sediment of a hydrocarbon-contaminated ditch. The isolate, designated strain PAL-1, was an obligately anaerobic, nonfermentative, motile, gram-negative vibrio. PAL-1 grew in a defined medium with acetate as electron donor and ferric pyrophosphate, ferric oxyhydroxide, ferric citrate, Co(III)-EDTA, or elemental sulfur as sole electron acceptor. PAL-1 also used proline, hydrogen, lactate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, pyruvate, or yeast extract as electron donors for Fe(III) reduction. It is the first bacterium known to couple the oxidation of an amino acid to Fe(III) reduction. PAl-1 did not reduce oxygen, Mn(IV), U(VI), Cr(VI), nitrate, sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate with acetate as the electron donor. Cell suspensions of PAL-1 exhibited dithionite-reduced minus air-oxidized difference spectra that were characteristic of c-type cytochromes. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of PAL-1 showed that the strain is not related to any of the described metal-reducing bacteria in the Proteobacteria and, together with Flexistipes sinusarabici, forms a separate line of descent within the Bacteria. Phenotypically and
F. Caccavo, Jr. (Y) Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 409 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Tel. +1-406-994-1814; Fax +1-406-994-6098 e-mail: [email protected] J. D. Coates Water Resources Division, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 22092, USA R. A. Rossello-Mora · W. Ludwig · K. H. Schleifer Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie der Technischen Universitat München, D-80290 München, Germany D. R. Lovley Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA M. J. McInerney Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Room 135, Norman, OK 73019, USA
phylogenetically, strain PAl-1 differs from all other described bacteria, and represents the type strain of a new genus and species, Geovibrio ferrireducens. Key words Geovibrio · Fe(III) reduction · Co(III) reduction · Sulfur reduction
Introduction Geological studies showing a strong correlation between isotopically light carbonates and magnetite accumulations in the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations have suggested that organic matter mineralization was coupled to Fe(III) reduction in the Precambrian biosphere (Walker 1984; Baur et al. 1985). The discovery of contemporary bacteria that can gain energy to support growth by coupling the oxidation of organic acids, alcohols, H2, or aromatic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) (Lovley 1993; Nealson and Saffarini 1994) support this suggestion. However, previous studies of freshw
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