The composition of the bacterial community in the foam produced by Mahanarva fimbriolata is distinct from those at gut a
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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - RESEARCH PAPER
The composition of the bacterial community in the foam produced by Mahanarva fimbriolata is distinct from those at gut and soil Mateus Tonelli 1 & Simone Raposo Cotta 2 & Alessandra Rigotto 2 Fernando Dini Andreote 2 & José Maurício S. Bento 1,3
&
Armando Cavalcante F. Dias 2
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Received: 26 September 2019 / Accepted: 9 December 2019 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020
Abstract The development of insects is strongly influenced by their resident microorganisms. Symbionts play key roles in insect nutrition, reproduction, and defense. Bacteria are important partners due to the wide diversity of their biochemical pathways that aid in the host development. We present evidence that the foam produced by nymphs of the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata harbors a diversity of bacteria, including some that were previously reported as defensive symbionts of insects. Analysis of the microbiomes in the nymph gut and the soil close to the foam showed that the microorganisms in the foam were more closely related to those in the gut than in the soil, suggesting that the bacteria are actively introduced into the foam by the insect. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups found in the foam. Since members of Actinobacteria have been found to protect different species of insects by producing secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties, we speculate that the froth produced by M. fimbriolata may aid in defending the nymphs against entomopathogenic microorganisms. Keywords Actinobacteria . Bacterial diversity . Hemiptera . Insect microbiome . Symbiosis
Introduction Spittlebugs are cercopid insects that in the nymph stage produce a distinctive foam while they feed on the host plants [1, 2]. The foam is produced by sucking air into the ventral cavity of the abdomen, which is then trapped in the fluid of the Malpighian tubules, resulting in the formation of bubbles in the terminal part of the abdomen [1, 3]. The foam comprises Responsible Editor: Lucy Seldin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00211-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * José Maurício S. Bento [email protected] 1
Department of Entomology and Acarology, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Soil Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Chemical Ecology and Insect Behavior, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
liquid, air, and surface-active molecules that reduce surface and interfacial tension to form emulsions [4–6]. Several functions have been attributed to the foam, such as the protection of nymphs against high temperatures [6], desiccation [7], and natural enemies [7, 8]. The spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata feeds on sugarcane roots exposed on the soil surface or belowground [9, 10]. Because of th
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