Space Weather- Physics and Effects

This book is a state-of-the-art review on the physics of space weather and on space weather impacts on human technology, including manned spaceflight. With contributions from a team of international experts, this comprehensive work covers all aspects of s

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Volker Bothmer and Ioannis A. Daglis

Space Weather ± Physics and Effects

Published in association with

Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK

Dr Volker Bothmer Institute for Astrophysics University of GoÈttingen GoÈttingen Germany

Dr Ioannis A. Daglis National Observatory of Athens Athens Greece

SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

ISBN 10: 3-540-23907-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-3-540-23907-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra®e; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Library of Congress Control Number: 2006921904 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

List of ®gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xvii

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii List of abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxix

About the authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv 1

Introduction (Volker Bothmer and Ioannis Daglis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Space weather forecasting historically viewed through the lens of meteorology (George Siscoe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Sibling sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Steps in the advance of environmental forecasting: the meteorological experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Relevant analogies between terrestrial weather and space weather 2.4 Steps in the advance of space weather forecasting