THE SUN AND SPACE WEATHER Second Edition
This second edition is a great enhancement of literature which will help the reader get deeper into the specific topics. There are new sections included such as space weather data sources and examples, new satellite missions, and the latest results. At th
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ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY VOLUME 347
EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W.B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) Executive Committee J. M. E. KUIJPERS, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands MEMBERS F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, Italy J. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A. C. J. CESARSKY, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany O. ENGVOLD, University of Oslo, Norway A. Heck, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K. F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan S. TREMAINE, Princeton University, U.S.A. N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.
THE SUN AND SPACE WEATHER Second Edition
by
ARNOLD HANSLMEIER University of Graz, Institute of Physics/ IGAM, Austria
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-5603-6 (HB) 978-1-4020-5603-1 (HB) 1-4020-5604-4 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5604-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Photo cover: Solar Elipse 2006 by Prof. Dr. A. Hanslmeier Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
I want to thank my students who attended a course on space weather I held at Graz and Innsbruck university; they critically read the manuscript and suggested corrections. I also want to thank my colleagues who contributed Figures and gave many hints. Special thanks to my wife Caroline and my children Roland, Christina and Alina; I was allowed to spend lots of nights at the PC. Thanks for the patience of my collaborators.
Contents Preface
xiii
1 Introduction, What is Space Weather? 1.1 Definition of Space Weather . . . . . . . 1.2 The Triggers of Space Weather . . . . . 1.2.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Who are the Users of Space Weather? . 1.4 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . .
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