Spatial dynamics of the Girolando breed in Brazil: analysis of genetic integration and environmental factors

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Spatial dynamics of the Girolando breed in Brazil: analysis of genetic integration and environmental factors Nathalia Silva da Costa 1 & Marcos Vinicius G. B. da Silva 2 & João Cláudio do Carmo Panetto 2 & Marco Antonio Machado 2 & Luiza Seixas 3 & Vanessa Peripolli 4 & Renato Fontes Guimarães 1 & Osmar Abilio Carvalho Jr 1 & Renata Augusto Vieira 3 & Concepta McManus 3 Received: 26 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract Brazil is one of the world’s largest milk producers. Several scientific studies have been developed related to landscape analyses that combine genetic with landscape structure data. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects of production in Girolando cattle in Brazil, as well as verify the spatial patterns of its genetic diversity. Genetic values and accuracy of 46,289 animals were used as well as information from DNA of 310 Girolando animals. Canonic, discriminant, and cluster analyses were conducted in SAS® and K-means method in ArcGIS 10.3 software. The relationship between genetic and geographic distance was analyzed using different methods in software Alleles in Space®. Clusters with animals with higher genetic values for milk production are located in municipalities with lower gross domestic product, fewer family-based establishments, and lower human development index. These clusters are associated with regions with higher area planted with crops, lower percentage of pastures that were less degraded, higher humidity, lower temperature range, and lower normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. The greater the geographical distance between groups of animals, the greater the genetic distance between them with a significant distinction over 504 km. There is high genetic heterogeneity among animals. From these results, it will be possible to develop methodologies for better evaluation of the animals within the production systems. Keywords Genetic landscape . Environmental characteristics . GIS . Genetic and geographic analysis

Introduction Brazil ranked fifth in the world milk production ranking in 2018, with a total of 33.8 billion liters (USDA 2019). With increasing world demand, it is necessary to increase this production to compete in the international market. The country * Concepta McManus [email protected] 1

Humanities Institute, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil

2

Embrapa Gado de Leite, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Aeroporto, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil

3

Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Darcy Ribeiro Campus, Brasilia, DF 70910-900,, Brazil

4

Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC 89245-000, Brazil

still needs to adapt technological changes and increase production efficiency, as well as the quality of the product. According to Villela (2011), the organization of information and access to technological assets are essential for the guidance of milk producer