Mangrove Dynamics and Management in North Brazil

Mangrove ecosystems are being increasingly threatened by human activities. Their biotic productivity supplies food and other resources to the human populations that inhabit or make use of them. This volume highlights the results of a ten-year German / Bra

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Edited by M.M. Caldwell, Washington, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany R.B. Jackson, Durham, USA O.L. Lange, Wu¨rzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

Ecological Studies Further volumes can be found at springer.com Volume 193 Biological Invasions (2007) W. Nentwig (Ed.) Volume 194 Clusia: A Woody Neotropical Genus of Remarkable Plasticity and Diversity (2007) U. Lu¨ttge (Ed.) Volume 195 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing (2008) I.J. Gordon and H.H.T. Prins (Eds.) Volume 196 Western North American Juniperus Communites: A Dynamic Vegetation Type (2008) O. Van Auken (Ed.) Volume 197 Ecology of Baltic Coastal Waters (2008) U. Schiewer (Ed.) Volume 198 Gradients in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of Ecuador (2008) E. Beck, J. Bendix, I. Kottke, F. Makeschin, R. Mosandl (Eds.) Volume 199 Hydrological and Biological Responses to Forest Practices: The Alsea Watershed Study (2008) J.D. Stednick (Ed.) Volume 200 Arid Dune Ecosystems: The NizzanaSands in the Negev Desert (2008) S.-W. Breckle, A. Yair, and M. Veste (Eds.) Volume 201 The Everglades Experiments: Lessons for Ecosystem Restoration (2008) C. Richardson (Ed.) Volume 202 Ecosystem Organization of a Complex Landscape: Long-Term Research in the Bornho¨ved Lake District, Germany (2008) O. Fra¨nzle, L. Kappen, H.-P. Blume, and K. Dierssen (Eds.)

Volume 203 The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe (2008) H. Dolman, R.Valentini, and A. Freibauer (Eds.) Volume 204 Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives (2009) G. Rilov and J.A. Crooks (Eds.) Volume 205 Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences M.J.H van Oppen and J.M. Lough (Eds.) Volume 206 Marine Hard Bottom Communities: Patterns, Dynamics, Diversity, and Change (2009) M. Wahl (Ed.) Volume 207 Old-Growth Forests: Function, Fate and Value (2009) C. Wirth, G. Gleixner, and M. Heimann (Eds.) Volume 208 Functioning and Management of European Beech Ecosystems (2009) R. Brumme and P.K. Khanna (Eds.) Volume 209 Permafrost Ecosystems: Siberian Larch Forests (2010) A. Osawa, O.A. Zyryanova, Y. Matsuura, T. Kajimoto, R.W. Wein (Eds.) Volume 210 Amazonian Floodplain Forests: Ecophysiology, Biodiversity and Sustainable Management (2010) W.J. Junk, M.T.F. Piedade, F. Wittmann, J. Scho¨ngart, P. Parolin (Eds.) Volume 211 Mangrove Dynamics and Management in North Brazil (2010) U. Saint-Paul and H. Schneider (Eds.)

Ulrich Saint-Paul

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Horacio Schneider

Editors

Mangrove Dynamics and Management in North Brazil

Editors Prof. Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Fahrenheitstr. 6 28359 Bremen, Germany [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Horacio Schneider Universidade Federal do Para´ Instituto de Estudos Costeiros Campus de Braganc¸a Alameda Leandro Ribeiro s/n 68.600-000 Braganc¸a/PA, Brazil [email protected]

ISSN 0070-8356 ISBN 978-3-642-13456-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-13457-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13457-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library