Spatio-temporal differentiation of spring phenology in China driven by temperatures and photoperiod from 1979 to 2018
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atio-temporal differentiation of spring phenology in China driven by temperatures and photoperiod from 1979 to 2018 1,2,3,4
Xiaojing WU 1
1,2,3,4*
, Changxiu CHENG
3
, Cancan QIAO & Changqing SONG
1,3,4
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 3 Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 4 Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China Received September 16, 2019; revised December 17, 2019; accepted January 10, 2020; published online March 24, 2020
Abstract Large amounts of data accumulated in ecology and related environmental sciences arouses urgent need to explore useful patterns and information in it. Here we propose coclustering-based methods and a temperatures-photoperiod driven phenological model to explore spatio-temporal differentiation in long-term spring phenology in China. First, we created the first bloom date (FBD) dataset in China from 1979 to 2018 using the extended spring indices and China Meteorological Forcing Dataset. Then we analyzed the dataset using Bregman block average co-clustering algorithm with I-divergence (BBAC_I) and kmeans algorithm. Such analysis delineated the spatially-continuous phenoregions in China for the first time. Results showed three spatial patterns of FBD in China and their temporal dynamics for 40 years (1979–2018). More specifically, overall late spring onsets occur in 1979–1996, in which areas located in Jiangxi, northern Xinjiang and middle Inner Mongolia experienced constant changing spring onsets. Overall increasingly earlier spring onsets occur in 1997–2012, in which areas located in Fujian, Hunan and eastern Heilongjiang experienced the most variable spring onsets. Stable early spring onsets over China occur after 2012. Results also showed 15 temporal patterns of spring phenology over the study period and their spatial delineation in China. More specifically, most areas in China have the same FBD category for 40 years while northern Guizhou, Hunan and southern Hubei have the same category in 1979–1997 and then fluctuate between different categories. Finally, our results have certain directive significance on the design of existing observational sites in Chinese Phenological Network. Keywords First bloom date, Co-clustering, Big data, Spatio-temporal differentiation, Temperatures-photoperiod driven phenological model Citation:
Wu X, Cheng C, Qiao C, Song C. 2020. Spatio-temporal differentiation of spring phenology in China driven by temperatures and photoperiod from 1979 to 2018. Science China Earth Sciences, 63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-019-9577-5
1. Introduction Unprecedented amounts of data for ecology and related environmental sciences are accumulated due to advances in data collection technologies, such as sensors and modelling (Kelling et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2017; Cheng et al., 20
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