Specific Features in the Low-Temperature Performance of Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Battery
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ific Features in the Low-Temperature Performance of Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Battery1 A. A. Kuz’minaа, T. L. Kulovaа, *, E. K. Tuseevaа, and E. V. Chirkovaа, b аFrumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia bNational Research University (MPEI), Moscow, 111250 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received December 14, 2019; revised February 16, 2020; accepted February 20, 2020
Abstract—The charging and discharge characteristics of electrodes based on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) are studied in LiClO4 solutions in a mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane at the temperature from –45 to +60°С. For both materials, the discharge capacity decreases with the current increase and its dependence cannot be described by the Peukert equation. The decrease in the temperature results also in the increase in polarization, the effective energy of activation being 52 kJ/mol on the NCA electrode and only 23 kJ/mol on the LTO electrode. The possibility of using batteries based on the NCA–LTO system at the temperature down to –40°С is confirmed. Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, lithium intercalation, lithium titanate, lithiated ternary oxide (NCA), temperature effect, activation energy DOI: 10.1134/S1023193520100067
INTRODUCTION The majority of modern lithium-ion batteries cannot be used at low temperatures. The discharge capacity of a typical battery at –20°С does not exceed half its capacity at room temperature. The temperature variations affect the rate of transport processes in the electrolyte and electrode’s solid phase and also the rate of electrode processes. The lithium-ion batteries most often involve positive electrodes based on either LiCoO2 or mixed layered oxides (e.g., LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, NMC), the negative electrodes based on carbon materials, and the electrolyte based on the LiPF6 solution in the mixture of ethylene carbonate with alkylcarbonates. In this study, we assess how the temperature affects the performance of yet another electrochemical system. Here we study the batteries with positive electrodes based on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA), negative electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), and electrolyte based on LiClO4 solution in a mixture of propylene carbonate with dimethoxyethane (7 : 3). This electrolyte is widely used, particularly, in primary lithium cells; its melting point is about –70°С. The low temperature impedes all the key factors responsible for operation of lithium-ion batteries, such as the charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface [1] and also the transport of lithium ions in 1 In
memory of the famous electrochemist Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotzky whose centenary is celebrated in 2020.
SEI, electrolyte, and electrodes [1–3], thus giving rise to the power loss. The commercial electrolyte based on 1 М LiPF6 in the ethylene carbonate–dimethylcarbonate–diethylcarbonate mixture freezes at the temperature of about –30°С. Hence, it is the low ionic conductivity in this electrolyte which is the main fact
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